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General Biology II E1 > Ch. 28: Protists > Flashcards

Ch. 28: Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

4 or 5 Supergroups

A

1) Excavata
2) Chromalveolata
3) Rhizaria
4) Archaeplastida
5) Unikonta

or 2 and 3 are combined into the “SAR” clade

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2
Q

Excavata

A

“excavated” groove present on cell body of some

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3
Q

“SAR” clade

A
  • made up of:
    Stramenopila
    Alveolate
    Rhizaria
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4
Q

Stramenopila

A
  • Part of the “SAR” clade
  • Photosynthetic forms including Diatoms
  • Possess flagellum with numerous fine, hairlike projections
  • 4 types (Oomycota, Diatoms, Golden Algae, Brown Algae)
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5
Q

Alveolates

A
  • Part of the “SAR” clade

- Membrane-enclosed sacs just under membrane

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6
Q

Rhizaria

A
  • Part of the “SAR” clade

- Mostly amoebae with threadlike pseudopodia (thinner hairs)

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7
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Red algae, Green algae, and land plants

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8
Q

Unikonta

A
  • Amoebae with lobe-like pseudopodia, fungi, animals

- Came about because two genes (dihydrofolate reductase (DFTR) and thymidylate synthase (TH) were two separate genes

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9
Q

2-headed enzyme due to gene fusion

What are the two genes that fused and the result

A
  • dihydrofolate reductase (DFTR) and thymidylate synthase (TH) fused to create DFTR-TS gene fusion
  • gave rise to the Supergroups Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida
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10
Q

Endosymbiosis

A
  • Theory that refers to the ingestion of one cell by another cell that leads to symbiosis
  • Explains origin of mitochondria plastids (chloroplasts, etc.)
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11
Q

Primary Endosymbiosis

A
  • Predatory protest eats bacteria
  • i.e. plastid-bearing eukaryotes suggest that plastids evolved from a gram-negative cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote
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12
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A
  • How you get chloroplasts
  • Predatory protist eats another predatory protist
  • predatory protist eats another predatory protist that contains a chloroplast w/ nucleus => photosynthetic protist engulfed => nucleus form photosynthetic protist is lost (organelle with four membranes will lose one to have three membranes)
  • i.e. that ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote then diversified into red algae and green algae, some of which were subsequently engulfed by other eukaryotes
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13
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Same idea as mitochondria
  • A eukaryotic will eat photosynthetic bacteria
  • Triple membrane
  • Circular DNA
  • Ribosomes
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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells divide by

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

Mitochondria divide by

A

Binary Fission

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16
Q

Red Algae through Endosymbiosis

A
  • Can give rise to three types of organisms: Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Stramenopiles
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17
Q

Green Algae through Endosymbiosis

A
  • Can give rise to two types of organisms: Euglenoids and Chlorarachniophytes
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18
Q

Giardia intestinalis

A

“hikers diarrhea”

  • contaminated (fecal) stream or river water
  • Supergroup Excavata => Diplomonads
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19
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • Supergroup Excavata => Clade Parabasalids

- an STD

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20
Q

Kinetoplastida

A
  • Supergroup Excavata => Clade Euglenozoa
  • large single mitochondrion possessing mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

i.e. Trypanosome gambiense: causative agent of African Sleeping Sickness

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21
Q

Trypanosome gambiense

A
  • Causative agent of African Sleeping Sickness

- Supergroup Excavata => Clade Euglenozoa => Kinetoplastida

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22
Q

Euglenozoa

A
  • Supergroup Excavata
  • Euglenids: possess 2 flagellated from end-pocket, pellicle, paramylon granule
  • Most autotrophic, but may switch to heterotrophy if sunlight is unavailable
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23
Q

4 Groups within Stramenopila

A

1) Oomycota
2) Diatoms
3) Golden Algae
4) Brown Algae

24
Q

Oomycota

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade)
  • Water molds
  • Cell walls made up of cellulose
  • Hyphae
25
Q

Diatoms

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade)
  • Unicellular algae
  • Silica wall
  • Major component of phytoplankton
26
Q

Golden Algae

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade)
  • Photosynthetic
  • Bi-flagellated
  • Yellow carotenoids
27
Q

Brown Algae

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade)
  • Largest forms in supergroup
  • Seaweed/Kelp forests
  • Thallus with holdfast, stipe, blades
28
Q

Alveolates

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade)
  • Presence of membrane-bound sacs: function unclear
  • Made up of Dinoflagellata
  • Hazardous Algal Blooms (HAB)
  • “Red Tides” - Karenia brevis
29
Q

Dinoflagellata

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade) => Clade Aveolates
  • Flagellated forms
  • Autotrophic and heterotrophic
30
Q

Karenia brevis

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade) => Clade Aveolates => Dinoflagellata
  • Causes “Red Tides” => Saxitoxin (Na+ channel blocker, neurotoxin/paralytic)
31
Q

Apicomplexa

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade) => Clade Aveolates
  • Presence of apical complex of organelles for penetrating host tissues
  • i.e. Plasmodium
  • i.e. P. falciparum, ovale, malariae, vivax
32
Q

Plasmodium

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade) => Clade Aveolates => Apicomplexa
  • Causative agent of malaria
    a top 5 goal disease affecting approximately 300 million die annually, most under the age 5 in sub-Saharan Africa
33
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

A

2 hosts

1) Definitive host :mosquito => where sexually reproduces
2) Intermediate host: Vertebrate, such as a human, asexually reproduce

34
Q

Ciliates

A
  • Supergroup Chromalveolata (“SAR” clade) => Clade Aveolates
  • Locomotion via cilia
  • Macronuclei and Micronuclei
  • Bladder-like contractile
  • Food vacuoles
  • Cytostome, cytoproct

-i.e. Paramecium, Stentor, Vorticella

35
Q

3 types of Rhizaria

A
  • Cercozoa
  • Foraminifera
  • Radiolarians
36
Q

Cercozoa

A
  • Supergroup Rhizaria (“SAR” clade)
  • Amoeba-like
  • Possess pseudopodia and some with cilia
  • Mostly heterotrophic
37
Q

Foraminifera

A
  • Supergroup Rhizaria (“SAR” clade)
  • Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) multi chambered shell with pores
  • Found in freshwater and oceans
  • Often attach to rock or algae
  • Many photosynthetic via symbiotic alga

-i.e. fossilize well, Dover Cliffs in England

38
Q

Radiolarians

A
  • Supergroup Rhizaria (“SAR” clade)
  • similar to the cercozoa, but
  • Fused tests made of Silica
  • Heterotrophic
  • Axopodia with microtubes
39
Q

Archaeplastida

A
  • Red Algae
  • Green Algae
  • land plants
40
Q

Red Algae

A
  • Supergroup Archaeplastida
  • Abundant in warm tropical waters
  • Contain Phycoerythrin, an accessory pigment
  • Grow as multicellular kelps
41
Q

Green Algae (2 types)

A

1) Chlorophyta

2) Charophyta

42
Q

Chlorophyta

A
  • Supergroup Archaeplastida => Green Algae
  • Similar to green plants
  • Contain same Chlorophylls (a & b)
  • Can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular

i. e.
- Unicellular (Chlamydomonas)
- Colonial (Volvox)
- Multicellular (Ulva)

43
Q

Charophyta

A
  • Supergroup Archaeplastida => Green Algae

- Branch includes Land Plants

44
Q

Unikonta

A
  • Made up of Amoebozoa
  • Several different types of Amoebozoa
  • Fungi
  • Animals
  • Choanoflagellates
45
Q

4 types of Amoebozoa

A

1) Plasmodial Slime Molds (Myxogastridians)
2) Cellular Slime Molds
3) Tubulinids
4) Entamoeba

46
Q

Plasmodial Slime Molds (Myxogastridians)

A
  • Supergroup Unikonta => Amoebozoa
  • Feeding stage is syncytial “slug”
  • Consumes microorganism
  • Reproductive structure a stalked sporangium

-i.e. Physarum polycephalum

47
Q

Cellular Slime Molds

A
  • Supergroup Unikonta => Amoebozoa
  • Feed as solitary cells
  • Aggregate to form fruiting bodies for reproduction
  • Do not form syncytium at any time

-i.e. Dictyostellium sp.

48
Q

Tubulinids

A
  • Supergroup Unikonta => Amoebozoa
  • Unicellular
  • Soil, freshwater, marine
  • Free-living
49
Q

Entamoeba

A
  • Supergroup Unikonta => Amoebozoa
  • Parasitic
  • Can form cysts (dominant form)
  • cysts: soil/water, can accumulate
  • trophozoite: intestine, feeding
  • Cause of amoebic dysentery

-i.e. Entamoeba histolytica

50
Q

Opisthokonts

A
  • Supergroup Unikonta

- Radiated into choanoflagellates, fungi, and animals

51
Q

Most eukaryotes are

A

single-celled organisms

52
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of

A

(primary and secondary) endosymbiosis

53
Q

Closest relative to land plants

A

Red and Green algae

54
Q

Closest related to fungi and animals

A

Unikonts (including protists)

55
Q

What organisms play key roles in ecological communities?

A

Protists

General Biology II E1 (4 decks)

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