Ch 28

Question 1

Aerobic

Answer 1

bacteria require oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease. Cause more infections in humans than other organisms. An example: Staphylococcus aureus

Question 2

Anaerobic

Answer 2

bacteria thrive where little or no free oxygen is available. Infections deep within the pleural cavity, in a joint, or in a deep sinus tract are typically caused by anaerobes. An example: Clostridium difficile, an organism that causes antibiotic-induced diarrhea.

Question 3

Asepsis

Answer 3

is the absence of pathogenic (disease-producing) microorganisms. technique refers to practices/procedures that help reduce the risk for infection. two types of are medical and surgical asepsis.

Question 4

Asymptomatic

Answer 4

clinical signs and symptoms are not present. Ex: Hepatitis C

Question 5

Bactericidal

Answer 5

A temperature or chemical that destroys bacteria

Question 6

Bacteriostasis

Answer 6

Cold temperatures tend to prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria

Question 7

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Answer 7

eliminate a wide range of normal flora organisms, not just those causing infection

Question 8

Colonization

Answer 8

is the presence and growth of microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage

Question 9

Communicable disease

Answer 9

an infectious disease can be transmitted directly from one person to another,

Question 10

Cough etiquette

Answer 10

aka respiratory hygiene. The elements: (1) covering your nose/mouth with a tissue when you cough and promptly disposing of the contaminated tissue; (2) placing a surgical mask on a patient if it does not compromise respiratory function or is applicable, which may not be feasible in pediatric populations; (3) hand hygiene after contact with contaminated respiratory secretions; and (4) spatial separation greater than 3 feet from persons with respiratory infections

Question 11

Disinfection

Answer 11

describes a process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacterial spores, from inanimate objects

Question 12

Infectious

Answer 12

Disease or infection results only if the pathogens multiply and alter normal tissue function

Question 13

Edema

Answer 13

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.

Question 14

Endogenous infection

Answer 14

occurs when part of the patient’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results (e.g., staphylococci, enterococci, yeasts, and streptococci). This often happens when a patient receives broad-spectrum antibiotics that alter the normal floras.

Question 15

Epidemiology

Answer 15

(cause and effect) of health care–associated infections

Question 16

Exogenous infection

Answer 16

Infection originating outside an organ or part.

Question 17

Exudates

Answer 17

fluid and cells that are discharged from cells or blood vessels [e.g., pus or serum]. Three types: may be 1. serous (clear, like plasma), 2. sanguineous (containing red blood cells), or 3. purulent (containing WBCs and bacteria)

Question 18

Granulation tissue

Answer 18

Soft, pink, fleshy projections of tissue that form during the healing process in a wound not healing by primary intention.

Question 19

Hand hygiene

Answer 19

Includes using an instant alcohol hand antiseptic before and after providing patient care, washing hands with soap and water when they are visibly soiled, and performing a surgical scrub.

Question 20

Handwashing

Answer 20

is the act of washing hands with soap and water, followed by rinsing under a stream of water for 15 seconds. The friction of rubbing hands together removes soil and transient organisms from the hands.

Question 21

Health care–associated infections (HAIs)

Answer 21

formerly called nosocomial or health care–acquired infections, result from the delivery of health services in a health care facility. They occur as the result of invasive procedures, antibiotic administration, the presence of multidrug-resistant organisms, and breaks in infection prevention and control activities.

Question 22

Iatrogenic infections

Answer 22

are a type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. For example, procedures such as a bronchoscopy and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics increase the risk for certain infections

Question 23

Immunocompromised

Answer 23

(has an impaired immune system).

Question 24

Infection

Answer 24

Invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce and multiply.

Question 25

Invasive

Answer 25

type of procedure

Question 26

Leukocytosis

Answer 26

an increase in the number of circulating WBCs

Question 27

Localized

Answer 27

(e.g., a wound infection), the patient usually experiences localized symptoms such as pain, tenderness, and redness at the wound site

Question 28

Medical asepsis

Answer 28

Procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread.

Question 29

Microorganisms

Answer 29

Microscopic entities such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that are capable of carrying on living processes.

Question 30

Necrotic

Answer 30

Of or pertaining to the death of tissue in response to disease or injury.

Question 31

Normal floras

Answer 31

do not usually cause disease when residing in their usual area of the body but instead participate in maintaining health.

Question 32

Pathogens

Answer 32

Microorganisms capable of producing disease.

Question 33

Phagocytosis

Answer 33

Is the process that involves the destruction and absorption of bacteria.

Question 34

Purulent

Answer 34

Exudate may contain WBCs and bacteria

Question 35

Reservoir

Answer 35

Place where microorganisms survive, multiply, and await transfer to a susceptible host.

Question 36

Sanguineous

Answer 36

Exudate may contain red blood cells

Question 37

Serous

Answer 37

Exudate is clear, like plasma

Question 38

Standard precautions

Answer 38

Guidelines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reduce risk of transmission of bloodborne and other pathogens in hospitals.

Question 39

Sterile field

Answer 39

is an area free of microorganisms and prepared to receive sterile items.

Question 40

Sterilization

Answer 40

A technique for destroying microorganisms using heat, water, chemicals, or gases.

Question 41

Suprainfection

Answer 41

Secondary infection usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen. develops when broad-spectrum antibiotics eliminate a wide range of normal flora organisms, not just those causing infection. When normal bacterial floras are eliminated, body defenses are reduced, which allows for disease-producing microorganisms to multiply, causing illness

Question 42

Surgical asepsis

Answer 42

Procedures used to eliminate any microorganisms from an area. Also called sterile technique.

Question 43

Susceptibility

Answer 43

depends on the individual’s degree of resistance to pathogens.

Question 44

Suppurative

Answer 44

pus-forming infection

Question 45

Symptomatic

Answer 45

pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms

Question 46

Systemic

Answer 46

An infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ or part

Question 47

Vector

Answer 47

Mode of transmission = mechanical transfer to host via:
•Mosquito
•Louse
•Flea
•Tick