Ch 26. phylogeny and the tree of life

Question 1

Homologous

Answer 1

Shared evolutionary history and derived from common ancestor. ex: Hawaiian silverswords

Question 2

What are Analogous structures?

Answer 2

structures that arose independently

Question 3

Wings and flight are examples of?

Answer 3

Independent evolution

Question 4

Forearms and bones are an example of what type of structure?

Answer 4

Homologous structures

Question 5

Molecular homologies

Answer 5

similar concept meaning their closely related

Question 6

Molecular analogies

Answer 6

DNA showing coincidentally similarities not by shared evolutionary history

Question 7

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, Polyphyletic

Answer 7

Monophyletic= common ancestor and all of it’s descendants
Paraphyletic= some but not all descendants
Polyphyletic = all descendants and some from other clades

Question 8

Clade=

Answer 8

ancestor species and ALL of its descendants

Question 9

Clade= Taxon when

Answer 9

monophyletic

Question 10

Shared ancestral traits (outgroup)

Answer 10

Traits shared by ALL members and members OUTSIDE the group.

Question 11

What are shared derived traits?

Answer 11

unique traits shared by only members within the same groups.

Question 12

A backbone is an example of what type of trait.

Answer 12

Shared ancestral trait

Question 13

Hair is an example of what type of trait?

Answer 13

Shared derived trait

Question 14

Maximum parsimony

Answer 14

Occam’s razor to shave away complications.
Simplests solution

Question 15

Maximum likehood

Answer 15

The more likely change to occur

Question 16

What are the two types of homologous genes

Answer 16

Orthologous: homologous genes found in different species. Constant rate.

Paralogous genes: homology due to gene duplication within a species.

Question 17

Molecular clocks

Answer 17

measures the absolute time of evolutionary change.

Question 18

What are the three domains.

Answer 18

Eukarya, Archea, Bacteria