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Physics 2 > Ch 26-29: Photographic & Geometric Properties > Flashcards

Ch 26-29: Photographic & Geometric Properties Flashcards

1
Q

Window Level =

A

Brightness

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2
Q

Window Width =

A

Contrast

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3
Q

Where does contrast from?

A

Post processing - window width
Preprocessing - LUTs

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4
Q

DI =

A

Deviation Index - color coded

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5
Q

EI =

A

Exposure Index - a value

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6
Q

What are the two photographic properties of radiography

A

IR Exposure & Contrast

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7
Q

Where does visibility of detail come from

A

Sufficient IR exposure & contrast allow anatomical details to be seen

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8
Q

Where does IR exposure come from

A

Mas + contrast

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9
Q

If an image is overexposed, what can you do

A

You can use window level to brighten the image

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10
Q

If an image is underexposed, what can you do

A

You must repeat to correct

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11
Q

How are mas & IR exposure related (inversely or directly)

A

Directly

If you increase your MAs, you increase IR exposure

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12
Q

In order to see a visible difference between two images, how much must you increase your mas factor

A

25% - 35%

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13
Q

What is the rule of thumb for increasing or decreasing MAs

A

You half it or double it. If it doesn’t need either of those, it doesn’t truly need to be repeated

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14
Q

What is rule of thumb for increasing or decreasing KVP

A

15% rule.

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15
Q

If you increase kvp by 15% without a compensation in MAs, what are you doing to your overall exposure

A

Doubling it

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16
Q

If you decrease your kvp by 15% without a compensation in MAs, what are you doing to your overall exposure

A

Halfing it

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17
Q

When you increase KVP, what are you creating more of

A

Scatter - Compton

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18
Q

Is KVP & IR exposure directly or indirectly related

A

Directly

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19
Q

How much ripple does a single phase generator create

A

100%

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20
Q

How much ripple does 3 phase generators make

A

4% - 14%

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21
Q

How much ripple does a high frequency generator make

A

Less than 1%

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22
Q

The higher the frequency of generator used, the more photon energy is made. What does this do to IR Exposure

A

Increases it.

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23
Q

What does Focal Spot Size effect

A

Spatial Resolution/Detail

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24
Q

What does anode heel effect do to Ir Exposure

A

You end up with a higher exposure on the cathode side.

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25
How do you combat anode heel effect when it comes to IR Exposure
Collimate
26
How is SID & IR exposure related - indirectly or directly
Indirectly
27
If you increase SID, what does it do to Exposure
Decreases
28
What do you do to maintain good IR exposure when increasing SID
Increase Mas to compensate- exposure maintenance formula
29
How are OID & IR exposure related - directly or indirectly
Indirectly
30
If you increase OID what does it do to your IR exposure
Decreases it
31
How are filtration and IR exposure related - directly or indirectly
Indirectly
32
The more filtration used = the _____ IR Exposure
Less - filters out soft photons
33
How does air effect exposure
^ air = ^ exposure
34
How does a grid effect ir exposure
^ grid = less exposure
35
What kind of latitude does digital imaging have
A wide latitude and dynamic range
36
What is the primary controller of subject contrast
Kvp
37
What does increased field size do to subject contrast
Decreases - a bigger field size causes more scatter
38
What does a higher part density do to subject contrast
Increases - more absorption into one part
39
Can subject contrast be improved by post processing
No
40
Does kvp have any effect on image contrast
No
41
What does contrast come from
LUT
42
Does MAs effect contrast
Yes
43
How does mas effect contrast
More mas - more contrast
44
how does anode heel effect contrast
There’s more contrast on the cathode end - need to collimate - very little effect
45
How does SID effect contrast
Increased SID = less contrast
46
How does OID effect contrast
Increased OID = decreases contrast UNLESS using air gap technique
47
How does filtration effect contrast
Decreases contrast
48
How does increased collimation effect contrast
Increases contrast - reduces scatter
49
How does an increased part size effect contrast
Decreases contrast - increases scatter
50
How does a grid effect contrast
Increases - grids clean up scatter
51
What are the two types of geometric properties
Spatial resolution Distortion
52
What are the names for spatial resolution
Detail recorded detail Sharpness Definition
53
How is spatial resolution measured in
Line pairs per millimeter Lp/mm
54
T or F: good detail exists even when it cannot be seen due to poor visibility
55
What do geometric properties do
Control detail
56
What do photographic properties do
Control visibility of detail
57
Grayscale bit depth range
8-32 bytes
58
High frequency spatial resolution
Short wavelength High contrast High resolution Low kvp Line pairs closer
59
Low frequency spatial resolution
Longer wavelength Low contrast Low resolution High kvp Line pairs further apart
60
Quality Control Testing tools
Spread Function Spatial Frequency
61
Tiny hole drilled into sheet of lead QC
Point Spread
62
Slit made into lead QC
Line Spread
63
Sharp edge of lead QC
Edge Spread
64
Tool that shows varying line pairs together to visualize smallest pairs QC
Spatial Frequency
65
Used to measure the accuracy of an image to original object 0-1 scale
Modular Transfer Function (MTF)
66
Do we do MTF testing
No - it’s in the system
67
Noise - where does it come from
Ambient System Quantum
68
Want what for SNR
High signal low noise
69
What is CNR
Contrast to Noise Ratio - depends on contrast & SNR
70
A processing algorithm that averages incoming analog data - measures distance between dels & is sampled twice each cycle
Nyquist Criterion- in the system
71
Occurs when Nyquist Criterion is violated
Aliasing - misrepresentation of data
72
What are the 3 critical distances we deal with
SOD SID OID
73
How does SID effect resolution
Inc SID = Inc resolution - increasing SID creates less penumbra
74
How does OID effect resolution
Inc OID = decreases resolution - due to penumbra
75
How does FSS affect resolution
Increased FSS = decreased resolution - the bigger the FSS, the more penumbra
76
Where is umbra
Inside penumbra - inner edge
77
How does motion effect resolution
Increase motion = decrease detail
78
How do you combat motion
Decrease exposure time
79
Misrepresentation of the size or shape of the structure
Distortion
80
What are types of distortion
Magnification Elongation Foreshortening
81
Can you magnify & minimize objects on an image
No - only magnify
82
How does magnification effect resolution
More magnified it is - the less detail you have
83
How does SID effect magnification & detail
Increased SID - decreases magnification - increase detail
84
How does OID affect magnification and detail
Increased OID - increased magnification - decreased detail
85
How do you calculate size distortion
Magnification = SID/SOD
86
Projects object to be longer than appears
Elongation
87
Projects object to be shorter than appears
Foreshortening
88
When is an object elongated
When the tube or IR is improperly aligned
89
When is an object foreshortened
Only when the part is improperly aligned
90
Does angulation of the tube affect SID
Yes & will cause a decrease in IR exposure

Physics 2 (6 decks)

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