Ch 25 - Drugs for Diabetes Flashcards
What can happen if diabetes is left untreated?
- retinopathy
- nephropathy
- neuropathy
- cardivascular complications
What types of diabetes do we have?
- Type 1 diabetes (formerly insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)
- Type 2 diabetes (formerly non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)
- gestational diabetes
- diabetes due to other causes such as genetic defects or medications
Define gestational diabetes:
it is defined as carbohydrate intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy
What can uncontrolled gestational diabetes lead to?
- fetal macrosomia (abnormally large body)
- shoulder dystocia (difficult delivery)
- neonatal hypoglycemia
What can the loss of β-cell function result from?
autoimmune-mediated process that may be triggered by viruses or other enviromental toxins
What characterises diabetes type 1?
an absolute deficiency of insulin due to destruction of β-cells
What are the classical symptoms of diabetes type 1?
- polydipsia (abnormally great thirst)
- polyphagia (excessive eating or appetite)
- polyuria
- weight loss
Treatment of diabetes type 1?
they rely on exogenous insulin to control hyperglycemia, avoid ketoacidosis, and maintain acceptable levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1C)
What influences type 2 diabetes?
- genetic factors
- aging
- obesity
- peripheral insulin resistance
- rather than autoimmune process (like in diabetes type 1)
What causes type 2 diabetes?
- lack of sensitivity of target organs to insulin
- the pancreas retain some β-cell function, but insulin secretion is insufficient to maintain glucose homeostasis
- in contrast with type 1, those with type 2 are often obese. Obesity contributes to insulin resistance
Treatment of type 2 diabetes:
- weight reduction, exercise,dietary modification and correct hyperglycemia in some patients with type 2 diabetes.
- most require pharmacologic intervention with oral glucose-lowering agents.
What is insulin?
- polypeptide hormone consisting of two polypeptide chains that are connected by a disulfide bond
What regulates the secretion of insulin?
- blood glucose levels
- certain amino acids
- other hormones
- autonomic mediators
- What happens when the glucose is transported into the β-cells of the pancreas?
they are phosphorylated by glucokinase, which acts as a glucose sensor. READ PAGE 337 - first paragraph
What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia, which is an adverse effect of insulin?
- headache
- anxiety
- tachycardia
- confusion
- vertigo
- diaphoresis
- shaky
- increased appetite
- blurred vision
- weakness/fatigue
- lipodystrophy
- hypersensitivity
