Ch 24 - emotional brain

Question 1

discriminitive components of sensation

Answer 1

what is it? what color is it? what shape etc

Question 2

affective

Answer 2

how does it feel to me

Question 3

cortical components of the emotional brain (12 things)

Answer 3

rostral commissure, corpus callosum, cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, dorsal hippocampal rudiment, fornix, hippocampal formation, insular cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, subcallosal cortex, temporal pole cortex, and taenia tecta

Question 4

interoception

Answer 4

a feeling from within - like a cramp in your stomach

Question 5

exteroception

Answer 5

when you touch something external

Question 6

what role does the mesolimbic dopamine system play in emotional brain function?

Answer 6

axons of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the hypothalamus, amygdala, septum, ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle) ventral pallidum, parts of limbic cortex (orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex)

Question 7

motor output of the emotional brain network is focused on what 3 brain regions?

Answer 7

midbrain, pons and medulla.

specifically: amygdala, hypothalamus, septum, cingulate, orbitofrontal and insular cortices

Question 8

the general functional roles of the 3 regions of motor output of the emotional brain network are?

Answer 8

1. regions containing monoaminergic neurons exert modulatory influences on many brain regions (via dopamine serotonin and norepinephrine)
2. regions exerting motor control over visceral and autonomic function via projections to preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
3. regions that mediate coordinated stereotypical behaviors like defensive attack

Question 9

give 4 examples of motivated behaviors regulated by the emotional brain network

Answer 9

procuring and eating food
drinking
fighting
escape
courtship
mating behavior

Question 10

what portion of the emotional brain is strongly involved in fear responses?

Answer 10

amygdala

Question 11

damage to the orbitofrontal cortex results in what behavioral changes?

Answer 11

impulsiveness, irresponsibility, and inappropriate affect

Question 12

what portion of the emotional brain circuitry functions to convey a general sense of “how one feels”?

Answer 12

the insular cortex

Question 13

damage to the cingulate cortex results in what changes behaviorally?

Answer 13

apathy, autonomic dysregulation and emotional instability

Question 14

the mesolimbic dopaminergic system: whats it referred to as? whats its main target? plays a key role in what?

Answer 14

= the “reward pathway”

• its main target is the nucleus accumbens
• plays a key role in goal-directed behaviors especially those related with a positive reward

Question 15

ventral portions of the striatum and pallidum influence behavior and responses that are….? in comparison to the dorsal striatapallidal system which influences behavior by….?

Answer 15

that are emotional or are driven by motivationally powerful stimuli

the dorsal striataopallidal system influences behavior driven by cognition

Question 16

function of orbitofrontal cortex where does it receive input from?

Answer 16

receives input from cortical areas involved in olfaction, taste, vision and somatosensation.
- its particularly involved in learning which stimuli are rewarding and which are not and in tracking changes.

Question 17

insular cortex function

Answer 17

appears to integrate information related to whole body hoemostasis. a global feeling
- physiological condition of the entire body

Question 18

cingulate cortex function

Answer 18

involved in response selection.

• receives info about expected rewards and punishments
• makes plans for the future
• activation is associated with motivation

Question 19

what generates emotion

Answer 19

feeling (insular) and motivation (orbitofrontal and cingulate)

Question 20

temporal pole cortex

Answer 20

represents abstract conceptual knowledge that enables us to understand social concepts
- disruptions in temporal pole often result in psychomotor seizures, hallucinations or sensation of unpleasant tastes or odors