Ch 24-26

Question 1

Which of the following is true of mortality in the United States?

a. Most mortality is caused by infectious disease.
b. Most cancer mortality among US women is caused by breast cancer.
c. Because of increasingly earlier overall mortality, life expectancy in the United States is on the decline.
d. The three leading causes of mortality remain heart disease, cancer, and stroke.
e. Overall, metrics of mortality have been steadily improving.

Answer 1

e. Overall, metrics of mortality have been steadily improving.

Question 2

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US, but the leading contributor to years of potential life lost, whereas heart disease the leading cause of death in the US, but the second leading contributor to years of potential life lost. Which explanation best accounts for this discordance?

a. Cancer is an infectious disease.
b. Cancer is a chronic disease.
c. Cancer more often is rapidly fatal.
d. Cancer causes death in younger people
e. Cancer is curable less often than heart disease

Answer 2

d. Cancer causes death in younger people

Question 3

Which of the following metrics best captures the morbidity of suffering with severe illness?

a. Life expectancy
b. Mortality rate
c. Age-adjusted mortality rate
d. Disability-adjusted life years
e. Years of potential life lost

Answer 3

d. Disability-adjusted life years

Question 4

Which racial/ethnic group has the highest rate of mortality overall among youth?

a. Non-Hispanic white
b. Non-Hispanic black
c. Hispanic
d. American Indian/Alaskan Native
e. Asian/Pacific Islander

Answer 4

b. Non-Hispanic black

Question 5

Which racial/ethnic group has the highest rate of mortality among youth by self-injury (both intentional and unintentional)?

a. Non-Hispanic white
b. Non-Hispanic black
c. Hispanic
d. American Indian/Alaskan Native
e. Asian/Pacific Islander

Answer 5

d. American Indian/Alaskan Native

Question 6

Which is true of US Census data?

a. Come from the National Center for Health Statistics
b. Include birth and death data for each state
c. Based largely on a mailed survey
d. Collected every 5 years across the US
e. Over-represent undocumented immigrants

Answer 6

c. Based largely on a mailed survey

Question 7

A 63-year-old man with a bullet wound to the chest has a thoracotomy (open-chest surgery) to repair the damage. The operation is a success, and the man survives the procedure. He is a long-time smoker, however, with underlying cardiovascular (coronary artery) disease. Many days later, while still recovering from his trauma and surgical repair, he goes outside to smoke a cigarette, has cardiac arrest in front of the hospital, and ultimately cannot be resuscitated. He dies. On his death certificate, tobacco use would most likely be listed as which of the following?

a. The immediate cause of death
b. The underlying cause of death
c. The actual cause of death
d. Another significant condition
e. A risk factor

Answer 7

d. Another significant condition

Question 8

Which population health survey is administered by state health departments in cooperation with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?

a. Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System
b. National Health Interview Survey
c. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
d. National Health Care Survey
e. Decennial census

Answer 8

a. Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System

Question 9

Which population health survey includes actual physical exams and laboratory specimens from individuals in addition to self-report data?

a. Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System
b. National Health Interview Survey
c. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
d. National Health Care Survey
e. Decennial census

Answer 9

c. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Question 10

Although the Haddon matrix is a framework of injury prevention developed around automobile accidents, it also has applicability in other fields of prevention. For example, applying the Haddon matrix to the problem of teen pregnancy, the “event” (“crash”) might be any unprotected sex leading to pregnancy. Factors operating to facilitate or impede unprotected sex before it occurs would be “pre-event” factors. Factors operating during sex to prevent impregnation might be categorized as “during event” factors. Factors operating after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy might be considered “post-event” factors.

With this analogy and framework in mind, match each statement in which the situation described is best placed (please choose answers independent of ethical considerations).

Legislation is passed that allows Plan B (morning-after contraception) to be available over the counter to individuals at all ages without a prescription.

a. Pre-event, human factors
b. Pre-event, equipment factors
c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors
d. During event, human factors
e. During event, equipment factors
f. During event, social-environmental factors
g. Postevent, human factors
h. Postevent, equipment factors
i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Answer 10

i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Question 11

Although the Haddon matrix is a framework of injury prevention developed around automobile accidents, it also has applicability in other fields of prevention. For example, applying the Haddon matrix to the problem of teen pregnancy, the “event” (“crash”) might be any unprotected sex leading to pregnancy. Factors operating to facilitate or impede unprotected sex before it occurs would be “pre-event” factors. Factors operating during sex to prevent impregnation might be categorized as “during event” factors. Factors operating after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy might be considered “post-event” factors.

With this analogy and framework in mind, match each statement in which the situation described is best placed (please choose answers independent of ethical considerations).

1. …..A school board decides to offer sexual education classes to middle school students.
   a. Pre-event, human factors
   b. Pre-event, equipment factors
   c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors
   d. During event, human factors
   e. During event, equipment factors
   f. During event, social-environmental factors
   g. Postevent, human factors
   h. Postevent, equipment factors
   i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Answer 11

c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors

Question 12

Although the Haddon matrix is a framework of injury prevention developed around automobile accidents, it also has applicability in other fields of prevention. For example, applying the Haddon matrix to the problem of teen pregnancy, the “event” (“crash”) might be any unprotected sex leading to pregnancy. Factors operating to facilitate or impede unprotected sex before it occurs would be “pre-event” factors. Factors operating during sex to prevent impregnation might be categorized as “during event” factors. Factors operating after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy might be considered “post-event” factors.

With this analogy and framework in mind, match each statement in which the situation described is best placed (please choose answers independent of ethical considerations).

1. …..A condom breaks during sex.
   a. Pre-event, human factors
   b. Pre-event, equipment factors
   c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors
   d. During event, human factors
   e. During event, equipment factors
   f. During event, social-environmental factors
   g. Postevent, human factors
   h. Postevent, equipment factors
   i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Answer 12

e. During event, equipment factors

Question 13

Although the Haddon matrix is a framework of injury prevention developed around automobile accidents, it also has applicability in other fields of prevention. For example, applying the Haddon matrix to the problem of teen pregnancy, the “event” (“crash”) might be any unprotected sex leading to pregnancy. Factors operating to facilitate or impede unprotected sex before it occurs would be “pre-event” factors. Factors operating during sex to prevent impregnation might be categorized as “during event” factors. Factors operating after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy might be considered “post-event” factors.

With this analogy and framework in mind, match each statement in which the situation described is best placed (please choose answers independent of ethical considerations).

…..Two adolescents engage in intimate sexual activity but never place penis in or near vagina.

a. Pre-event, human factors
b. Pre-event, equipment factors
c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors
d. During event, human factors
e. During event, equipment factors
f. During event, social-environmental factors
g. Postevent, human factors
h. Postevent, equipment factors
i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Answer 13

d. During event, human factors

Question 14

Although the Haddon matrix is a framework of injury prevention developed around automobile accidents, it also has applicability in other fields of prevention. For example, applying the Haddon matrix to the problem of teen pregnancy, the “event” (“crash”) might be any unprotected sex leading to pregnancy. Factors operating to facilitate or impede unprotected sex before it occurs would be “pre-event” factors. Factors operating during sex to prevent impregnation might be categorized as “during event” factors. Factors operating after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy might be considered “post-event” factors.

With this analogy and framework in mind, match each statement in which the situation described is best placed (please choose answers independent of ethical considerations).

…..A young woman is severely inebriated; her judgment is impaired, and she is losing her inhibition to sex.

a. Pre-event, human factors
b. Pre-event, equipment factors
c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors
d. During event, human factors
e. During event, equipment factors
f. During event, social-environmental factors
g. Postevent, human factors
h. Postevent, equipment factors
i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Answer 14

a. Pre-event, human factors

Question 15

Although the Haddon matrix is a framework of injury prevention developed around automobile accidents, it also has applicability in other fields of prevention. For example, applying the Haddon matrix to the problem of teen pregnancy, the “event” (“crash”) might be any unprotected sex leading to pregnancy. Factors operating to facilitate or impede unprotected sex before it occurs would be “pre-event” factors. Factors operating during sex to prevent impregnation might be categorized as “during event” factors. Factors operating after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy might be considered “post-event” factors.

With this analogy and framework in mind, match each statement in which the situation described is best placed (please choose answers independent of ethical considerations).

…..The woman in item 14 had an IUD (intrauterine device) inserted 6 months ago.

a. Pre-event, human factors
b. Pre-event, equipment factors
c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors
d. During event, human factors
e. During event, equipment factors
f. During event, social-environmental factors
g. Postevent, human factors
h. Postevent, equipment factors
i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Answer 15

b. Pre-event, equipment factors

Question 16

Although the Haddon matrix is a framework of injury prevention developed around automobile accidents, it also has applicability in other fields of prevention. For example, applying the Haddon matrix to the problem of teen pregnancy, the “event” (“crash”) might be any unprotected sex leading to pregnancy. Factors operating to facilitate or impede unprotected sex before it occurs would be “pre-event” factors. Factors operating during sex to prevent impregnation might be categorized as “during event” factors. Factors operating after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy might be considered “post-event” factors.

With this analogy and framework in mind, match each statement in which the situation described is best placed (please choose answers independent of ethical considerations).

……As two teens are engaged in sexual intercourse, the boy’s mother comes home, and they stop abruptly.

a. Pre-event, human factors
b. Pre-event, equipment factors
c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors
d. During event, human factors
e. During event, equipment factors
f. During event, social-environmental factors
g. Postevent, human factors
h. Postevent, equipment factors
i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Answer 16

f. During event, social-environmental factors

Question 17

Although the Haddon matrix is a framework of injury prevention developed around automobile accidents, it also has applicability in other fields of prevention. For example, applying the Haddon matrix to the problem of teen pregnancy, the “event” (“crash”) might be any unprotected sex leading to pregnancy. Factors operating to facilitate or impede unprotected sex before it occurs would be “pre-event” factors. Factors operating during sex to prevent impregnation might be categorized as “during event” factors. Factors operating after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy might be considered “post-event” factors.

With this analogy and framework in mind, match each statement in which the situation described is best placed (please choose answers independent of ethical considerations).
……A teenager believes that taking Plan B is equivalent to having an abortion and decides not to take the medication after she has unprotected sex.
a. Pre-event, human factors
b. Pre-event, equipment factors
c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors
d. During event, human factors
e. During event, equipment factors
f. During event, social-environmental factors
g. Postevent, human factors
h. Postevent, equipment factors
i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Answer 17

g. Postevent, human factors

Question 18

Although the Haddon matrix is a framework of injury prevention developed around automobile accidents, it also has applicability in other fields of prevention. For example, applying the Haddon matrix to the problem of teen pregnancy, the “event” (“crash”) might be any unprotected sex leading to pregnancy. Factors operating to facilitate or impede unprotected sex before it occurs would be “pre-event” factors. Factors operating during sex to prevent impregnation might be categorized as “during event” factors. Factors operating after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy might be considered “post-event” factors.

With this analogy and framework in mind, match each statement in which the situation described is best placed (please choose answers independent of ethical considerations).

…..After forgetting to take her oral contraceptive and then having unprotected sex, a young woman takes Plan B.

a. Pre-event, human factors
b. Pre-event, equipment factors
c. Pre-event, social-environmental factors
d. During event, human factors
e. During event, equipment factors
f. During event, social-environmental factors
g. Postevent, human factors
h. Postevent, equipment factors
i. Postevent, social-environmental factors

Answer 18

h. Postevent, equipment factors

Question 19

The authority of the US Federal Government to inspect food and regulate air pollutants derives from the:

a. Department of Agriculture
b. Envirionmental Protection Agency
c. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
d. Interstate commerce clause in the US Constitution
e. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Answer 19

d. Interstate commerce clause in the US Constitution

Question 20

The FDA and the CDC are appropriately categorized as:

a. Constituent agencies of the Public Health Service
b. Agencies that are subject to state law
c. Agencies that are independent of the federal government
d. Major operating units of the Department of Health and Human Services
e. Major operating units of the Environmental Protection Agency

Answer 20

a. Constituent agencies of the Public Health Service

Question 21

Public Health laws established by city or county boards of health must be:

a. Approved by referendum.
b. Approved by the state.
c. At least as strict as regulations in the state public health code.
d. Revised annually.
e. Free of control on human behavior (non-challenging of free will).

Answer 21

c. At least as strict as regulations in the state public health code.

Question 22

Which is true of funding of federal legislation, including legislation for policies and programs related to health?

a. This two-stage process requires an approval bill and then an appropriations bill.
b. This two-stage process requires an appropriations bill and then an authorizations bill.
c. This two-stage process requires an authorization bill and then an appropriations bill.
d. This three-stage process requires an authorization bill, an appropriations bill, and then an approval bill.
e. This three-stage process requires an authorization bill, an appropriations bill, and then approval by a congressional committee bill.

Answer 22

c. This two-stage process requires an authorization bill and then an appropriations bill.

Question 23

A health inspector from a local health department identifies a significant plumbing hazard in a restaurant: the main prep sink is not properly piped, allowing kitchen waste materials to potentially contact food that might be served. Given this immediate hazard, what would be the next step for this “by the books” inspector?:

a. Forgive this one problem given the restaurant’s stellar performance on all other measures in the inspection.
b. Issue a written warning and suggest that a licensed plumbing contractor be consulted.
c. Assess a fine for the violation, with additional penalties to be assessed if the issue is not promptly addressed.
d. Close the restaurant and disallow reopening until the sink is properly piped.
e. Issue a summons to appear in court for willful endangerment of the public’s health.

Answer 23

d. Close the restaurant and disallow reopening until the sink is properly piped.

Question 24

The USDA administers a program to improve nutrition for low-income individuals that specifically excludes, among others, adult men. The program is called:

a. Medicaid
b. Food Stamps
c. SNAP (Supplemental Nutritional Assistance)
d. WIC (Women, Infants, and Children)
e. EBT (electronic, benefits transfer)

Answer 24

d. WIC (Women, Infants, and Children)

Question 25

Cognitive-behavioral theories share which of the following key concepts?

a. Individual knowledge is necessary and sufficient to produce most behavior changes.
b. Perceptions, motivations, and skills and are key influences on behavior.
c. Family, friends, and peers get in the way of individual behavior change.
d. Organizational changes and individual behavior are independent of each other.
e. Public opinion process and policy changes have little influence on individuals.

Answer 25

b. Perceptions, motivations, and skills and are key influences on behavior.

Question 26

When individuals are influenced by witnessing other people’s behaviors and society’s norms in action, this is known as:

a. Social capital
b. Community capacity
c. Reciprocal determinism
d. Observational learning
e. Critical consciousness

Answer 26

d. Observational learning

Question 27

Which is true of media advocacy?

a. Influencing policy makers is a secondary aim.
b. It motivates individual behavior change.
c. The thrust of its message is about knowing personal risks.
d. Its primary audience is people at risk.
e. It is essential component of community organizing.

Answer 27

e. It is essential component of community organizing.

Question 28

Participatory action research (PAR) and community-based participatory research (CBPR) differ from traditional research in communities in that:

a. The community is the focus of the investigation.
b. Community members serve as test subjects for experimental trials.
c. The focus is on the research process more than the research findings.
d. Because there is community “buy in,” it is much easier to have PaR and CBPR funded.
e. The researchers come from the affected communities rather than from academic centers.

Answer 28

c. The focus is on the research process more than the research findings.

Question 29

Innovations need to be marketed initially to which of the following groups on the innovativeness continuum?

a. Early adopters
b. Early majority
c. Late majority
d. Laggards
e. Recalcitrant

Answer 29

a. Early adopters

Question 30

The degree to which an innovation reflects existing values is known as:

a. Relative advantage
b. Compatibility
c. Low complexity
d. Trialability
e. Observability

Answer 30

b. Compatibility

Question 31

Which of the following is one of the four “P”s of marketing redefined for social marketing?

a. Person
b. Purchasing
c. Perishability
d. Place
e. Possibility

Answer 31

d. Place

Question 32

Consistent with the CDC’s Community Health Assessment and Group Evaluation (CHANGE) model, the first step in community planning is defining a strategy and assembling a team. Which of the following might be used for this step?

a. Delphi technique
b. Needs assessment
c. Asset mapping
d. PRECEDE-PROCEED
e. Impact evaluation

Answer 32

a. Delphi technique

Question 33

PRECEDE-PROCEED is an acronym for a comprehensive structure to assess health and quality-of-life needs and to design, implement, and evaluate health promotion and other public health programs to meet those needs. One of the five “E”s in this acronyms stands for:

a. Empathizing
b. Empowering
c. Enlisting
d. Emboldening
e. Evaluation

Answer 33

e. Evaluation

Question 34

For Healthy People 2020, two of the foundational health measures that serve as indicators of progress are:

a. Tobacco use and health-related quality of life
b. Chronic disease prevalence and determinants of health
c. Obesity rates and vaccinations
d. General health status and disparities
e. Community engagement and social capital

Answer 34

d. General health status and disparities