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Last Lecture Exam!!!! > Ch 22 And 23 > Flashcards

Ch 22 And 23 Flashcards

1
Q

The sense of feeling full after a meal is called

A

Satiety.

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2
Q

The satiety and feeding centers are located here ( integrating center )

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

This signal molecule is secreted by adipocytes ( fat cells) when fat stores are increased providing feedback to the brain to decrease food intake

A

Leptin

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4
Q

This brain neurotransmitter stimulates the appetite to increase food intake

A

Neuropeptide Y

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5
Q

Hunger is increased when this signal molecule is released from the stomach when a person is fasting or starving

A

Ghrelin

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6
Q

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 l of water 1° C is called one

A

Kilocalorie

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7
Q

Another term for energy expenditure is

A

Metabolic rate

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8
Q

The method of measuring the heat given off when food is burned is called _____ State because nutrients are being moved into the body

A

Direct calorimetry

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9
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is called

A

Metabolism.

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10
Q

The period of time immediately following the consumption of a meal is called the _____ State because nutrients are being moved into the body

A

Absorptive

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11
Q

The period between meals when the body has to use stored nutrients is called the_____ state

A

Post-absorptive

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12
Q

Brain receives its fuel from the _____ pool

A

Glucose pool

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13
Q

Excess glucose is added to the _____ stores

A

Fat / free fatty acid

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14
Q

Increased amounts of this blood lipid are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

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15
Q

When someone is in a starvation state ( due to lack of food or extreme dieting)
fat catabolism is increased. These molecules are byproducts of rapid fatty acid breakdown and are associated with a fruity odor in the breath and metabolic acidosis

A

Ketones

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16
Q

The link between central obesity diabetes and cardiovascular disease is observed in this condition

A

Metabolic syndrome

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17
Q

The adrenal _____ produces and secretes steroid hormones

A

Cortex

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18
Q

The main gluco corticoid which is increased more when a person is stressed is

A

Cortisol

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19
Q

In addition to decreasing immune system function this hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis lipolysis and proteolysis these latter processes increase fuel availability to the cells

A

Cortisol

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20
Q

This hormone must be present for glucagon to work

A

Cortisol

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21
Q

This hormone decreases calcium absorption in the intestine and increases calcium excretion in the kidney

A

Cortisol

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22
Q

Excess cortisol levels are associated with this condition

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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23
Q

To little cortisol is associated with this condition

A

Addison’s disease

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24
Q

This signal molecule is an endogenous opioid that begins to and block pain receptors

A

Beta endorphin

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25
Eating iodized salt is considered essential for making this hormone
Thyroid
26
An enlarged thyroid gland is called a
Goiter
27
This is the most common of the conditions related to hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
28
Excess growth hormone in adults is associated with this condition
Acromegaly
29
A deficiency of growth hormone in children is associated with this condition
Dwarfism
30
This type of bone appears spongy
Trabecular
31
This type of bone is dense and strong
Compact
32
When bone is broken down it is called
Resorption
33
Bone forming cells are called
Osteoblasts
34
These cells secrete acid and enzymes to dissolve bone
Osteoclasts
35
This disease is marked by loss of bone mineral density especially in trabecular bone
Osteoporosis
36
This substance is essential for 1) keeping the cells at tight junctions close together 2) excitability of various cells in the body including myocardial cells 3) intracellular signaling 4) stimulating exocytosis
Calcium
37
This signal molecule is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels and indirectly stimulating 1) bone resorption 2) reabsorption of calcium in the nephron 3) absorption of calcium in the intestine
Parathyroid hormone
38
Vitamin D3 enhances the intestinal absorption of calcium and _____
Phosphate
39
Low bone density or mass is called
Osteopenia
40
Hormone replacement therapy used to be used by postmenopausal women to maintain bone density However _____ was found to be associated with an increased risk of various cancers heart attack and stroke
Estrogen
41
What is the primary fuel for making ATP and what biomolecule type is it?
Glucose Carbohydrate
42
What is the name of the molecule that is storage form of glucose in the body
Glycogen
43
Where in the body is glycogen stored
``` Muscle cells (mostly here) Liver (hepatocytes) ```
44
The body prefers to use _____ if possible because there is limited stores of _____
Fat Glucose
45
Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic
Anaerobic occurs cytosol
46
Is fat breakdown aerobic or anaerobic
Aerobic occurs in mitochondria
47
What is the energy pathway or glucose is the primary substrate
Glycolysis
48
In glycolysis what is the product of the pathway
2 pyruvate
49
What is pyruvate turned into in the mitochondria
Acetyl-coa
50
What energy pathway does acetyl-coa enter
Citric acid cycle
51
If you consume too much glycogen it gets converted to
Fat
52
Converting amino acids into glucose and possibly breaking down your own skeletal muscles is called
Gluconeogenesis
53
The storage form of fat
Triglyceride
54
The storage form of glucose
Glycogen
55
Does liver cells or muscle cells release glucose into the blood
Liver.
56
In this glucose test you examine glucose levels after an 8 to 12 hour fast
Fasting blood glucose
57
In this blood glucose test there is an overnight fast followed by consumption of 75 g of glucose then your monitored over a 2-hour period every 30 minutes
Glucose tolerance test
58
In this blood glucose test we measure presence of glucose in hemoglobin where it does not belong
Hemoglobin a1c
59
What is the normal value of fasting blood / plasma glucose
Less than 100 mg/dL
60
During the glucose tolerance test what are the normal values
Glucose never exceeds 200 mg/dL every 2 hrs At end of 2hrs glucose is less than or equal to 140 mg per deciliter
61
Blood glucose levels above normal
Hyperglycemia
62
Blood glucose levels below normal
Hypoglycemia
63
When there's excess glucose in the blood and glucose starts forming bonds with proteins it is called
Glycation
64
What is the problem with glycation
Alter structure and function of proteins around the body
65
The amount of glucose on _____ reflects long-term control of blood glucose
Hemoglobin
66
Which hormones influence glucose metabolism (4)
1. Insulin 2. Glucagon 3. Somatostatin 4. Pancreatic polypeptide
67
Which gland /cells secrete insulin, glucogen, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreas
68
What makes a molecule a hormone
Peptides (protein based hormone)
69
How do peptide hormones interact with their target cells (ex: insulin, glucagon)
Bind to membrane bound receptor Use second messenger
70
How do steroid hormones interact with their target cells
Combine to membrane receptors but most pass through the membrane lipid bilayer
71
What are steroid hormones all derived from
Cholesterol
72
What type of membrane receptors will peptide hormones have (3)
1. G protein coupled receptor 2. Receptor channel 3. Receptor enzyme
73
What role does a hormone play in a feedback loop
Efferent pathway
74
During and after a meal glucose levels will _____ (increase or decrease)
Increase
75
Which cells of the pancreas secrete insulin
B cells of pancreas
76
Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon
A cells of the pancreas
77
Doing more aerobic exercises produces more of these transporters
GLUT4
78
These transporters of glucose reside inside cells until insulin binds Once insulin binds they move to the cell membrane for exocytosis
GLUT4
79
This type of glucose transporter is found at hepatocytes and enters via facilitated diffusion
GLUT2
80
This type of glucose transporter is always present in a membrane and allows entry in either direction depending on concentration gradient
GLUT2
81
This type of diabetes mellitus is considered an autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells
type 1
82
What effect on blood glucose levels does type 1 diabetes have
Hyperglycemia Leads to -----> glycation -----> malfunction Of proteins----> severe tissue/Organ damage
83
What effect would type 1 diabetes have on osmolarity of blood
Osmolarity increases Leads to-----> increase in thirst-----> glycosuria (glucose in urine)
84
This type of diabetes makes up 90% of the cases and is linked to poor diet sedentary lifestyle and obesity
Diabetes mellitus type 2
85
This type of diabetes has some genetic predisposition some people are at higher risk than others
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
86
A clinical test for diabetes assesses what two things
1) ability of beta cells to secrete insulin | 2) ability of cells to uptake glucose from blood
87
With type 2 diabetes what are the long-term malfunctions that can occur in the body
Decreased receptor is effectiveness Decreased number of receptors Cascade isn't firing correctly Decreased number of transporters
88
What long term hyperglycemia causes: Excess blood glucose causes glucose to form bonds with proteins Alters molecular structure of proteins and therefore their function Alters proteins cell function
Glycation
89
What are some long-term complications caused by poorly controlled blood glucose (hyperglycemia)
1) Vascular disorders 2) Retinopathies 3) neuropathies 4) amputations 5) heart disease
90
This type of diabetes can be fixed by dietary adjustments and physical activity
Type 2
91
Exercise can lead to an increase of what type of transporter
GLUT4
92
Type 2 diabetes leads to _____ cells fatiguing that leads to looking like type 1 diabetes
Beta cells
93
Is insulin the problem in a pre-diabetic
Yes, glucose is higher than normal beta cells are overworking to produce insulin

Last Lecture Exam!!!! (3 decks)

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