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Last Lecture Exam!!!! > Ch 22 And 23 > Flashcards

Ch 22 And 23 Flashcards

1
Q

The sense of feeling full after a meal is called

A

Satiety.

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2
Q

The satiety and feeding centers are located here ( integrating center )

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

This signal molecule is secreted by adipocytes ( fat cells) when fat stores are increased providing feedback to the brain to decrease food intake

A

Leptin

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4
Q

This brain neurotransmitter stimulates the appetite to increase food intake

A

Neuropeptide Y

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5
Q

Hunger is increased when this signal molecule is released from the stomach when a person is fasting or starving

A

Ghrelin

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6
Q

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 l of water 1° C is called one

A

Kilocalorie

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7
Q

Another term for energy expenditure is

A

Metabolic rate

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8
Q

The method of measuring the heat given off when food is burned is called _____ State because nutrients are being moved into the body

A

Direct calorimetry

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9
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is called

A

Metabolism.

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10
Q

The period of time immediately following the consumption of a meal is called the _____ State because nutrients are being moved into the body

A

Absorptive

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11
Q

The period between meals when the body has to use stored nutrients is called the_____ state

A

Post-absorptive

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12
Q

Brain receives its fuel from the _____ pool

A

Glucose pool

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13
Q

Excess glucose is added to the _____ stores

A

Fat / free fatty acid

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14
Q

Increased amounts of this blood lipid are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

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15
Q

When someone is in a starvation state ( due to lack of food or extreme dieting)
fat catabolism is increased. These molecules are byproducts of rapid fatty acid breakdown and are associated with a fruity odor in the breath and metabolic acidosis

A

Ketones

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16
Q

The link between central obesity diabetes and cardiovascular disease is observed in this condition

A

Metabolic syndrome

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17
Q

The adrenal _____ produces and secretes steroid hormones

A

Cortex

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18
Q

The main gluco corticoid which is increased more when a person is stressed is

A

Cortisol

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19
Q

In addition to decreasing immune system function this hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis lipolysis and proteolysis these latter processes increase fuel availability to the cells

A

Cortisol

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20
Q

This hormone must be present for glucagon to work

A

Cortisol

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21
Q

This hormone decreases calcium absorption in the intestine and increases calcium excretion in the kidney

A

Cortisol

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22
Q

Excess cortisol levels are associated with this condition

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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23
Q

To little cortisol is associated with this condition

A

Addison’s disease

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24
Q

This signal molecule is an endogenous opioid that begins to and block pain receptors

A

Beta endorphin

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25
Q

Eating iodized salt is considered essential for making this hormone

A

Thyroid

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26
Q

An enlarged thyroid gland is called a

A

Goiter

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27
Q

This is the most common of the conditions related to hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease

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28
Q

Excess growth hormone in adults is associated with this condition

A

Acromegaly

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29
Q

A deficiency of growth hormone in children is associated with this condition

A

Dwarfism

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30
Q

This type of bone appears spongy

A

Trabecular

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31
Q

This type of bone is dense and strong

A

Compact

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32
Q

When bone is broken down it is called

A

Resorption

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33
Q

Bone forming cells are called

A

Osteoblasts

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34
Q

These cells secrete acid and enzymes to dissolve bone

A

Osteoclasts

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35
Q

This disease is marked by loss of bone mineral density especially in trabecular bone

A

Osteoporosis

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36
Q

This substance is essential for

1) keeping the cells at tight junctions close together
2) excitability of various cells in the body including myocardial cells
3) intracellular signaling
4) stimulating exocytosis

A

Calcium

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37
Q

This signal molecule is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels and indirectly stimulating

1) bone resorption
2) reabsorption of calcium in the nephron
3) absorption of calcium in the intestine

A

Parathyroid hormone

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38
Q

Vitamin D3 enhances the intestinal absorption of calcium and _____

A

Phosphate

39
Q

Low bone density or mass is called

A

Osteopenia

40
Q

Hormone replacement therapy used to be used by postmenopausal women to maintain bone density

However _____ was found to be associated with an increased risk of various cancers heart attack and stroke

A

Estrogen

41
Q

What is the primary fuel for making ATP and what biomolecule type is it?

A

Glucose

Carbohydrate

42
Q

What is the name of the molecule that is storage form of glucose in the body

A

Glycogen

43
Q

Where in the body is glycogen stored

A 
Muscle cells (mostly here)
Liver (hepatocytes)
44
Q

The body prefers to use _____ if possible because there is limited stores of _____

A

Fat

Glucose

45
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic

A

Anaerobic occurs cytosol

46
Q

Is fat breakdown aerobic or anaerobic

A

Aerobic occurs in mitochondria

47
Q

What is the energy pathway or glucose is the primary substrate

A

Glycolysis

48
Q

In glycolysis what is the product of the pathway

A

2 pyruvate

49
Q

What is pyruvate turned into in the mitochondria

A

Acetyl-coa

50
Q

What energy pathway does acetyl-coa enter

A

Citric acid cycle

51
Q

If you consume too much glycogen it gets converted to

A

Fat

52
Q

Converting amino acids into glucose and possibly breaking down your own skeletal muscles is called

A

Gluconeogenesis

53
Q

The storage form of fat

A

Triglyceride

54
Q

The storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

55
Q

Does liver cells or muscle cells release glucose into the blood

A

Liver.

56
Q

In this glucose test you examine glucose levels after an 8 to 12 hour fast

A

Fasting blood glucose

57
Q

In this blood glucose test there is an overnight fast followed by consumption of 75 g of glucose then your monitored over a 2-hour period every 30 minutes

A

Glucose tolerance test

58
Q

In this blood glucose test we measure presence of glucose in hemoglobin where it does not belong

A

Hemoglobin a1c

59
Q

What is the normal value of fasting blood / plasma glucose

A

Less than 100 mg/dL

60
Q

During the glucose tolerance test what are the normal values

A

Glucose never exceeds 200 mg/dL every 2 hrs

At end of 2hrs glucose is less than or equal to 140 mg per deciliter

61
Q

Blood glucose levels above normal

A

Hyperglycemia

62
Q

Blood glucose levels below normal

A

Hypoglycemia

63
Q

When there’s excess glucose in the blood and glucose starts forming bonds with proteins it is called

A

Glycation

64
Q

What is the problem with glycation

A

Alter structure and function of proteins around the body

65
Q

The amount of glucose on _____ reflects long-term control of blood glucose

A

Hemoglobin

66
Q

Which hormones influence glucose metabolism (4)

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Somatostatin
  4. Pancreatic polypeptide
67
Q

Which gland /cells secrete insulin, glucogen, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

A

Pancreas

68
Q

What makes a molecule a hormone

A

Peptides (protein based hormone)

69
Q

How do peptide hormones interact with their target cells (ex: insulin, glucagon)

A

Bind to membrane bound receptor

Use second messenger

70
Q

How do steroid hormones interact with their target cells

A

Combine to membrane receptors but most pass through the membrane lipid bilayer

71
Q

What are steroid hormones all derived from

A

Cholesterol

72
Q

What type of membrane receptors will peptide hormones have (3)

A
  1. G protein coupled receptor
  2. Receptor channel
  3. Receptor enzyme
73
Q

What role does a hormone play in a feedback loop

A

Efferent pathway

74
Q

During and after a meal glucose levels will _____ (increase or decrease)

A

Increase

75
Q

Which cells of the pancreas secrete insulin

A

B cells of pancreas

76
Q

Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon

A

A cells of the pancreas

77
Q

Doing more aerobic exercises produces more of these transporters

A

GLUT4

78
Q

These transporters of glucose reside inside cells until insulin binds
Once insulin binds they move to the cell membrane for exocytosis

A

GLUT4

79
Q

This type of glucose transporter is found at hepatocytes and enters via facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT2

80
Q

This type of glucose transporter is always present in a membrane and allows entry in either direction depending on concentration gradient

A

GLUT2

81
Q

This type of diabetes mellitus is considered an autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells

A

type 1

82
Q

What effect on blood glucose levels does type 1 diabetes have

A

Hyperglycemia
Leads to —–> glycation —–> malfunction

Of proteins—-> severe tissue/Organ damage

83
Q

What effect would type 1 diabetes have on osmolarity of blood

A

Osmolarity increases

Leads to—–> increase in thirst—–> glycosuria (glucose in urine)

84
Q

This type of diabetes makes up 90% of the cases and is linked to poor diet sedentary lifestyle and obesity

A

Diabetes mellitus type 2

85
Q

This type of diabetes has some genetic predisposition some people are at higher risk than others

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

86
Q

A clinical test for diabetes assesses what two things

A

1) ability of beta cells to secrete insulin

2) ability of cells to uptake glucose from blood

87
Q

With type 2 diabetes what are the long-term malfunctions that can occur in the body

A

Decreased receptor is effectiveness
Decreased number of receptors
Cascade isn’t firing correctly
Decreased number of transporters

88
Q

What long term hyperglycemia causes:
Excess blood glucose causes glucose to form bonds with proteins

Alters molecular structure of proteins and therefore their function

Alters proteins cell function

A

Glycation

89
Q

What are some long-term complications caused by poorly controlled blood glucose (hyperglycemia)

A

1) Vascular disorders
2) Retinopathies
3) neuropathies
4) amputations
5) heart disease

90
Q

This type of diabetes can be fixed by dietary adjustments and physical activity

A

Type 2

91
Q

Exercise can lead to an increase of what type of transporter

A

GLUT4

92
Q

Type 2 diabetes leads to _____ cells fatiguing that leads to looking like type 1 diabetes

A

Beta cells

93
Q

Is insulin the problem in a pre-diabetic

A

Yes, glucose is higher than normal beta cells are overworking to produce insulin

Last Lecture Exam!!!! (3 decks)

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