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Last Lecture Exam!!!! > Ch 21 > Flashcards

Ch 21 Flashcards

1
Q

This branch of the nervous system is housed completely in the GI region

A

Enteric

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2
Q

This term gastro refers to this structure

A

Stomach

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3
Q

The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units is called

A

Digestion

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4
Q

The general term for movement of material in the gastrointestinal tract caused by smooth muscle contraction is

A

Motility

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5
Q

Movement of substances from cells into the gastrointestinal tract is called

A

Secretion

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6
Q

Movement of substances from the gastrointestinal tract into the extracellular fluid is called

A

Absorption

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7
Q

This type of smooth muscle activity occurs in order to help mix the contents in the GI tract

A

Segmentation

Or segmental contraction

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8
Q

These structures in the mucosa of the GI tract are part of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (Galt) which contain immune system cells to protect from pathogens

A

Peyers patches

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9
Q

The substance made up of the ingested food and secretions from the stomach is called

A

Chyme

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10
Q

The mass of food that is moved along the GI tract is called a

A

Bolus

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11
Q

Progressive waves of contractions that move through sections of the GI tract are called

A

Peristalsis

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12
Q

To swallow

A

Deglutition

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13
Q

To chew

A

Mastication.

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14
Q

To take in food or drink is called

A

Ingestion

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15
Q

Removal of material from the body

A

Elimination

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16
Q

This phase of digestion occurs from stimulus such as sight smell taste of food and initiates food forward response

A

Cephalic phase

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17
Q

This phase of digestion is when food enters stomach and initiates short reflexes

A

Gastric phase

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18
Q

This phase of digestion is when chime enters the small intestines and chemical digestion starts

A

Intestinal phase

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19
Q

These cells secrete enzymes into the stomach

A

Chief cells

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20
Q

The pH of the gastric juice is approximately

A

2

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21
Q

A proton pump inhibitor would act on transporters and these cells of the stomach

A

Parietall cells

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22
Q

This enzyme breaks peptide bonds

A

Pepsin

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23
Q

These gastric cells secrete hydrochloric acid into the lumen of the stomach

A

Parietall cells

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24
Q

These cells use histamine as a paracrine In the gastric lining

A

Ecl cells

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25
Q

These cells secrete mucus and bicarbonate into the stomach

A

Mucous neck cells

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26
Q

Secretions from these cells play a critical role in negative feedback loop that regulate the secretion of acid into the stomach

A

D cells

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27
Q

That is packaged with cholesterol and protein to form this absorbable substance

A

Chylomicron

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28
Q

This enzyme breaks the bonds holding fatty acids to glycerol

A

Lipase

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29
Q

This enzyme breaks the bonds holding fatty acids to glycerol

A

Lipase

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30
Q

This secretion contains salts that can help break apart large fat globs into droplets

A

Bile

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31
Q

This substance is secreted by cells of the duodenum and pancreas to neutralize the pH of the chime entering from the stomach

A

Bicarbonate

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32
Q

The category of brush border enzymes that digest sucrose lactose and maltose are collectively called

A

Disaccharidases

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33
Q

This category of enzymes breaks internal bonds in a peptide chain

A

Endopeptidase

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34
Q

This enzyme activates pancreatic zymogens in small intestines

A

Trypsin

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35
Q

A pancreatic enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is called a

A

Zymogen

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36
Q

Aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase fall into this category of enzymes

A

Exopeptidase

Break off outside of chain

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37
Q

Absorbed fat enters the _____

A

Lymph

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38
Q

During absorption this transporter moves fructose across the luminal membrane of the intestinal mucosa cell

A

GLUT5

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39
Q

This transporter moves monosaccharides across the basilateral membrane of the intestinal mucosa cell

A

GLUT2

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40
Q

Transport of glucose and galactose across the luminal membrane relies on the activity of this transporter on the basolateral membrane

A

Sodium potassium pump

41
Q

Name the types of polysaccharides that can be digested

A

Starch and glucogen

42
Q

Name the enzymes that can digest the polysaccharides and identify where they are active in the GI tract

A

Salivary amylase (mouth)

Pancreatic amylase (small intestine)

43
Q

Name the three disaccharides that can be digested and the enzymes that can digest each

A

Disaccharides:. Enzyme:

1) maltose 1) maltase
2) sucrose. 2) sucrase
3) lactose. 3) lactase

44
Q

Where exactly are disaccharidases located

Maltase, sucrase, and lactase

A

Brush border of small intestines

45
Q

Name the three monosaccharides that can be absorbed

A

1) Glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose

46
Q

Which specific fluid compartment do the monosaccharides enter upon absorption

A

Apical/luminal membrane

47
Q

Where are most of the monosaccharides delivered following absorption

A

Into cells of the small intestine

48
Q

Glucose is transported OUT of the lumen of the GI tract with this substance (co-transport)

A

Sodium glucose transporter

SGLT

49
Q

This transporter is used to move galactose OUT of the lumen of the GI tract

A

Sodium glucose transporter

SGLT

50
Q

Fructose is moved out of the lumen of the GI tract by this type of transporter

A

GLUT5

51
Q

Glucose or galactose are moved out of the lumen of the GI tract by this TYPE of transport ( based on energy requirements)

A

Simple diffusion

52
Q

The GLUT2 transporter moves these monosaccharides into the extracellular fluid

A

Glucose galactose and fructose

53
Q

Glucose and galactose are moved INTO the extra cellular fluid by this process ( based on energy requirements)

A

Secondary active transport

54
Q

Where is secondary active transport of glucose and galactose taking place in the GI tract

A

Small intestines

55
Q

What molecules act on fat to break it into smaller droplets (fig 21.16)

A

Bile salt

56
Q

What is the process of making small fat droplets called (21.16)

A

Emulsification

57
Q

What is a complex form of a lipid molecule called

A

Triglyceride

58
Q

What are the enzymes that can act on triglycerides (2)

A

Pancreatic lipase

Colipase

59
Q

What is a triglyceride molecule broken down into in the GI tract

A

1 monoglyceride

+

2 fatty acids

60
Q

Where in the GI tract is the breakdown of triglycerides happening

A

Cell of the small intestine

61
Q

What is the source of bile (where is it made)

A

The liver

62
Q

The fatty acids and glyceride molecules enter the cells in the walls of the GI tract and are reassembled into what molecule

A

Back to a triglyceride

63
Q

After triglyceride is reassembled in the GI tract it comes together with these two molecules

A

Protein

Cholesterol

64
Q

When triglyceride comes together with protein and cholesterol they form a complex called a _____ which enters the length

A

Chylomicron

65
Q

This type of enzyme breaks peptide bonds at the ends of the peptide

A

Exopeptidase

66
Q

This type of enzymes breaks internal peptide bonds in a peptide

A

Endopeptidase

67
Q

The name of the enzyme that breaks peptide bonds at the amine end of the peptide chain is

A

Amino peptidase

68
Q

The name of the enzyme that breaks peptide bonds at the carboxyl end of the peptide chain is

A

Carboxypeptidase

69
Q

Name the enzymes that break internal peptide bonds (3 endopeptidase)

A

1) pepsin
2) chymotrypsin
3) Trypsin

70
Q

Name the brush border proteases

A

Aminopeptidase

71
Q

Name the pancreatic proteases

A

Carboxypeptidase

72
Q

These peptides are transported out of the lumen of the GI tract with hydrogen (2)

A

Dipeptides

Tripeptides

73
Q

Based on energy requirements what type of transport is involved in the exchange of sodium and hydrogen on the luminal membrane (fig 21.18)

A

Secondary active transport

74
Q

Small peptides are transported across the cell by this process

This transport is actually made up of two processes in one

One on luminal membrane and the other on the basilateral membrane name them in order

A

1) endocytosis (luminal)

2) exocytosis (basolateral)
=

Transcytosis

75
Q

Amino acids and sodium are transported across the basilateral membrane by this process based only on the number of substances being moved

A

Co transport

76
Q

Amino acids and sodium are transported across the luminal membrane by this process

(Based only on the number and direction of substances being moved)

A

Symport

77
Q

Amino acids and small peptides / proteins are absorbed into this fluid compartment

A

Hepatic portal vein

78
Q

Where will most of the amino acids and peptides be delivered in the body

A

Liver

79
Q

In the stomach gastrin somatostatin and histamine act as this type of signal molecule

A

Neurohormone

80
Q

When released this hormone slows digestion by inhibiting gastric emptying and hydrogen secretion

A

Cholecystokinin

81
Q

The stimulus for the release of the hormone cholecystokinin is

A

Fatty acid and amino acid

82
Q

The action of cholecystokinin hormone includes feeling full the technical term for feeling full is

A

Satiety

83
Q

What are two hormones that promote feeling full

A

Cholecystokinin

GLP 1

84
Q

Salivary amylase found in the mouth targets what biomolecule class

A

Carbohydrates

85
Q

Salivary lipase found in the mouth targets digestion of what biomolecule class

A

Lipids and fat ( minimal)

86
Q

Does the esophagus contribute to digestion

A

No

87
Q

Does digestion take place in the esophagus

A

Yes

salivary amylases continues working on digestion

88
Q

What secretions are found in the stomach

A

Gastric juices:

Hydrochloride pepsinogen gastric lipase mucus bicarbonate and other substances

89
Q

What biomolecule class does the stomach predominantly digest

A

Protein

Tertiary breakdown to peptide bond chains

90
Q

Where in the body does most digestion/absorption take place

A

Small intestines

91
Q

What secretions are found in the small intestines

A

Bile pancreatic juice enzymes bicarbonate pancreatic amylase

92
Q

What biomolecule class does the small intestines digest

A

Proteins (broken down to peptide bonds)

Carbs

Fat (main site for digestion)

93
Q

In this intestinal reflex there is increased gastric activity and increased ilium motility

A

Gastroileal reflex

94
Q

In this intestinal reflex there is ilium distention and decreased gastric motility

A

Ileogastric reflex

95
Q

In this intestinal reflex there is extreme distention of one segment and increased relaxation of other segments

A

Intestino - intestinal reflexes

96
Q

These fatty acid complexes migrate to brush border membranes (phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, monoglycerides, diglycerides fatty acids)

A

Micelles

97
Q

Hydrogen is a proton this class of drugs inactivates them

A

Proton pump inhibitor

Prilosec nexium protonix

98
Q

Do we break down food molecules into individual atoms

A

No

Food starts: (protein carbs lipids)

We break down to:

(Amino acids, monosaccharides, glycerol, fatty acids, nucleotides)

Last Lecture Exam!!!! (3 decks)

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