Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 207 final > ch 22, 23 > Flashcards

ch 22, 23 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
Which molecules are respiratory gases or chemical forms of respiratory gases? I) O2
II) O3
III) CO2
IV) HCO3–
V) N2
a. I, II, and III
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. I, III, and IV
d. I, III, and V
A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
From the list below, choose the correct order of “physiological urgency” for each element in a given terrestrial animal, beginning with the most urgent.
I) The need for water
II) The need to void CO2
III) The need to obtain oxygen IV) The need for food
a. I, III, II, IV
b. III, II, I, IV
c. II, III, I, IV
d. II, III, IV, I
A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Respiratory gases move from place to place principally by a. diffusion.

b. convection.
c. active transport.
d. both diffusion and convective transport.

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The diffusion of an uncharged solute in aqueous solution
a. always diffuses from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. b. will diffuse at a rate exponential to the difference in concentration between regions. c. involves a passive diffusion component as well as an active diffusion component. d. diffuses faster compared to charged solutes.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The strength of a chemical substance’s tendency to undergo a physical or chemical change is called

a. diffusion.
b. its partial pressure.
c. its chemical potential.
d. its potential energy.

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which statement regarding the diffusion of materials between gas mixtures and aqueous solutions is false?

a. Diffusion can be predicted by means of partial pressure measurements.
b. Diffusion can be predicted by using concentrations.
c. Respiratory gases can exist in the gas phase as well as dissolved in an aqueous solution.
d. Each gas has a unique solubility in aqueous solution.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which statement regarding gas mixtures in aqueous solutions is false?

a. When a gas dissolves in a solution, it becomes incorporated into the liquid phase.
b. When a gas dissolves in a solution, the molecules become distributed among the H2O molecules in much the same way as glucose molecules do.
c. Gas in solution can appear as microscopic bubbles.
d. When a large bubble rises to the surface of a solution, the solution is considered to be in the gas phase.

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The partial pressure of any given gas

a. cannot be calculated from the universal gas law.
b. is dependent on any other gas present.
c. is the individual pressure exerted by the gas in a gas mixture.
d. is proportional to the size of the gas molecule.

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which factor is a constant according to the universal gas law? a. Moles of gas

b. Temperature
c. The universal gas constant
d. Partial pressure

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

According to the universal gas law, _______ is(are) inversely proportional to the partial pressure.

a. moles of gas
b. temperature
c. volume
d. the universal gas constant

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The fraction of the total moles of gas in a gas mixture is called the a. mole fractional concentration.

b. volume fractional concentration.
c. partial pressure.
d. absorption coefficient.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Suppose that at a temperature of 25°C and pressure of 1 atm, all the O2 is removed from 10 L of dry atmospheric air, and the remaining gas is restored to the original temperature and pressure. The final volume will be a. 10 L.

b. about 7.9 L.
c. about 5 L.
d. about 2.1 L.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Consider two gas mixtures that are identical in temperature. The concentration of O2 in mixture #1 is 20 mmol/L, and the concentration of O2 in mixture #2 is 60 mmol/L. Which statement about the mixtures is true?

a. The partial pressure of O2 in mixture #2 is three times higher than it is in mixture #1. b. The partial pressure of O2 in mixture #2 is 3 times lower than it is in mixture #1.
c. The percent of O2 in mixture #2 is three times higher than it is in mixture #1.
d. The partial pressures of O2 in both mixtures are the same.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Henry’s law relates _______ in aqueous solutions. a. partial pressure and concentration

b. partial pressure and volume
c. pressure and volume
d. temperature and concentration

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The _______ of a particular gas in a mixture is the dissolved concentration of that gas when the partial pressure is 1 atm.

a. gas tension
b. absorption coefficient
c. volume fractional concentration
d. density

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which statement about gases dissolved in aqueous solutions is true? a. Different gases have different solubilities.

b. Gas solubilities increase strongly with increasing temperature.
c. Gas solubilities increase with increasing salinity.
d. Gas solubility decreases with increasing molecular size.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which scenarios will result in dissolved gas coming out of solution?
I) Collecting cold creek water, sealing the container, and allowing the solution to warm II) Collecting warm water, sealing the container, and allowing the solution to cool
III) Collecting cold creek water, adding salt, sealing the container, and allowing the solution to warm
IV) Collecting cold creek water, adding salt, sealing the container, and keeping the solution at the original temperature
a. I, II, and III
b. I, III, and IV
c. II, III, and IV
d. III and IV

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which statement regarding the diffusion of gases is false?

a. Within gas mixtures, gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure.
b. Within aqueous solutions, gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure.
c. Across gas‒water interfaces, gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure.
d. Depending on the circumstance, gases can diffuse from low to high partial pressure.

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If a water beetle has used up half of the oxygen in its air bubble, the concentration of oxygen in the bubble is _______ the concentration of oxygen in the water. The partial pressure of oxygen in the bubble is _______ the partial pressure of oxygen in the water. Therefore, oxygen will move from the _______.

a. greater than; less than; water into the bubble b. less than; less than; bubble into the water
c. less than; less than; water into the bubble
d. greater than; less than; bubble into the water

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If a water beetle has been using an air bubble as a gill for 1 hour, the O2 partial pressure will be _______ that of air and the N2 partial pressure will be _______ that of air.

a. less than; less than
b. equal to; equal to
c. less than; equal to
d. greater than; greater than

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In which situation would a water beetle’s gas bubble last the shortest amount of time as a functional gill?

a. Gas bubble = 0.1 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.21 atm of O2
b. Gas bubble = 0.1 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.1 atm of O2
c. Gas bubble = 0.2 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.1 atm of O2 d. Gas bubble = 1 atm O2; water = 0.21 atm of O2

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A scuba diver remaining at a depth of 50 m for a significant amount of time needs to worry about the possible effects of which gas when he or she ascends?

a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Nitrogen
d. Nitric oxide

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The “bends” refers to a physiological condition sustained by a scuba diver in which a. oxygen gas is too concentrated in the blood due to a dive that lasts too long at a deep depth.

b. nitrogen gas is too concentrated in the blood due to a dive that lasts too long at a deep depth.
c. oxygen gas comes out of solution in the blood due to a rapid ascent. d. nitrogen gas comes out of solution in the blood due to a rapid ascent.

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the diffusion equation, if the units of K are cm2 ∙ s–1, which of the following best represents the units for J?

a. moles ∙ cm–2 ∙ s–1
b. moles ∙ sec–1
c. M ∙ g–1 ∙ cm–2
d. M ∙ cm2 ∙ s

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In the diffusion equation, when X increases, a. J increases.

b. J decreases.
c. J is not affected.
d. J can increase or decrease.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the diffusion equation,

a. permeability is integrated into P1–P2. b. permeability is integrated into K.
c. P1–P2 represents permeability.
d. X represents permeability.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The Krogh diffusion coefficient (K) for O2 in air is _______ K for O2 in water. a. slightly greater than

b. slightly lower than
c. about 200,000 times lower than
d. about 200,000 times greater than

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which of the following contributes to a respiratory gas partial pressure in solution? I) O2
II) CO2
III) O2 bound to hemoglobin
IV) HCO3– dissolved in plasma a. I and II
b. I, II, and III
c. I, II, and IV
d. I, II, III, and IV

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

If the diameter of the body of a larval fish exceeded _______, diffusion alone would not be able to meet the demands of its oxygen consumption.

a. 0.1 mm
b. 1.0 mm
c. 5 mm
d. 1 cm

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The process that occurs when a gas mixture or an aqueous solution flows and gas molecules in the gas or liquid phase are carried from place to place by the fluid flow is called

a. diffusion.
b. convection.
c. tidal flow.
d. partial pressure.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The principle process(es) by which animals use convection to transport gases is(are) a. ventilation.

b. the pumping of blood.
c. digestion.
d. ventilation and the pumping of blood.

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The rate of convective gas transport depends on the a. partial pressure of a particular gas in solution.

b. rate of fluid flow.
c. total concentration of gas in the fluid.
d. rate of fluid flow and the total concentration of gas in the fluid.

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q 
The movement of water across a fish gill is a good example of a. permeability.
© 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
b. tidal flow.
c. unidirectional flow.
d. Henry’s law.
A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Oxygen enters the mitochondria

a. by diffusion, at a rate that is dependent on the flow of the oxygenated capillary blood. b. by diffusion, at a rate that is dependent on the difference in O2 partial pressure between the blood systemic capillaries and the mitochondria.
c. by convection, at a rate that is dependent on the difference in O2 partial pressure between the blood systemic capillaries and the mitochondria.
d. by convection, at a rate that is dependent on the flow of the oxygenated capillary blood.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which of the following is not a unit of pressure? a. Millimeters of mercury

b. Pascals
c. Pounds per square inch
d. mL O2/L

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

STP refers to a(n)

a. temperature of 37°C.
b. pressure of 1 atm.
c. volume of 22.4 L.
d. oxygen percent of 20.95.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

If 2 L of air at 0°C contains 420 mL of O2, how many mL of O2 does it contain if the air is warmed to 24°C?

a. 210 mL
b. 384 mL
c. 420 mL
d. about 600 mL

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

If air at 0°C contains 210 mL O2 per L, how much O2 does it contain if it is heated to 24°C?

a. 210 mL O2 per L
b. 420 mL O2 per L
c. 192 mL O2 per L
d. 105 mL O2 per L

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which environment has the lowest amount of O2 per L? a. Air at 120°C

b. Air at –40°C
c. Freshwater at 24°C
d. Seawater at 40°C

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which environment would have the lowest available oxygen? a. At night, a small summer pond filled with algae

b. The summit of Mount Everest
c. The burrow of a black-tailed prairie dog
d. The burrow of a lemming beneath the arctic snow

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The respiratory gas(es) is(are) a. oxygen.

b. carbon dioxide.
c. nitrogen.
d. both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In diffusion, materials tend to move in net fashion from regions of a. high solubility to regions of low solubility.

b. high chemical potential to regions of low chemical potential.
c. low chemical potential to regions of high chemical potential.
d. low partial pressure to regions of high partial pressure.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

If the partial pressures of nitrogen, argon, and CO2 are 0.7808, 0.0093, and 0.0004 atm, respectively, in air at 1 atm, what is the partial pressure of the oxygen in this air?

a. 0.2095%
b. 20.95%
c. 0.2095 atm d. 20.95 atm

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Consider two gas mixtures at the same temperature. If the concentration of CO2 in Mixture A is 10 mmol/L and the concentration of CO2 in Mixture B is 30 mmol/L, which statement is also true?

a. The partial pressure of CO2 in Mixture B is 3 times as high as in Mixture A.
b. The partial pressure of CO2 in Mixture B is 3 times lower compared to Mixture A.
c. The percent of CO2 in Mixture B is 3 times as high as in Mixture A.
d. The percent of CO2 is the same in both mixtures.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

_______ is the law that relates partial pressure and concentration in aqueous solutions. a. The universal gas law

b. The partial pressure law
c. Henry’s law
d. Krogh’s law

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions?

a. The solubility of gases in aqueous solution has an exponential relationship to temperature.
b. As temperature increases, the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions increases.
c. As temperature increases, the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions decreases.
d. The solubility of a gas in an aqueous solution is directly proportional to temperature.

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure

a. within gas mixtures.
b. within aqueous solutions.
c. across gas–water interfaces.
d. in all combinations of gas–aqueous phases.

A

d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which statement regarding the water beetle is true?

a. As oxygen in the bubble is used up, oxygen diffuses from the water into the bubble.
b. As CO2 in the bubble increases, it causes oxygen to enter the bubble more readily. c. As the beetle dives, the increase in pressure drives oxygen into the beetle.
d. The nitrogen in the bubble is responsible for maintaining the oxygen concentration.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

During gas diffusion, as the distance between P1 and P2 increases, the a. rate of net movement decreases.

b. rate of net movement increases.
c. rate of net movement does not change.
d. diffusion coefficient increases.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which statement regarding gas diffusion is true?

a. Gases diffuse only slightly faster through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions.
b. Gases diffuse many times faster through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions. c. Gases diffuse at equal rates through the gas phase and aqueous solutions.
d. Gases diffuse only slightly slower through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions.

A

b

51
Q

Oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin

a. does not contribute to the oxygen partial pressure.
b. contributes the same amount to partial pressure as when it is dissolved in solution. c. contributes more to partial pressure than when it is dissolved in solution.
d. increases the partial pressure of CO2.

A

a

52
Q

As a gas mixture or an aqueous solution flows, gas molecules in the gas or liquid are carried from place to place by

a. tidal flow.
b. diffusion.
c. evaporation.
d. convection.

A

d

53
Q

Movement of air into and out of a human lung is an example of a. diffusion.

b. Henry’s law.
c. unidirectional flow.
d. tidal flow.

A

d

54
Q

Oxygen transport in animals occurs by a. diffusion.

b. convection.
c. active transport.
d. both convection and diffusion.

A

d

55
Q

In oxygen transport to the mitochondria, diffusion occurs from a. the mouth to the lungs.

b. the lungs to the red blood cells.
c. the red blood cells to the mitochondria.
d. both the lungs to the red blood cells and the red blood cells to the mitochondria.

A

d

56
Q

Which O2 partial pressure value would you expect to find in the ambient air (AA), arterial blood (AB), and systemic capillary blood (SCB) of an animal?

a. AA = 150 mm Hg; AB = 100 mm Hg; SCB = 70 mm Hg
b. AA = 150 mm Hg; AB = 70 mm Hg; SCB = 100 mm Hg
c. AA = 70 mm Hg; AB = 100 mm Hg; SCB = 70 mm Hg d. AA = 70 mm Hg; AB = 100 mm Hg; SCB = 150 mm Hg

A

a

57
Q

At standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP), a. 1 mg of gas occupies 22.4 L.

b. 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L.
c. 22.4 moles of gas occupies 1 L.
d. 22.4 grams of gas occupies 1 L.

A

b

58
Q

Which statement regarding air and water is false?

a. Water is more viscous than air.
b. Air-breathing animals generally expend more energy ventilating than water-breathing animals.
c. Per unit volume, water holds less oxygen than air.
d. Temperature affects the oxygen solubility in water more than it does in air.

A

b

59
Q

If the percentage of oxygen in air at sea level is 20.95%, what is the percentage of oxygen in air at the top of Mount Everest?

a. Significantly higher than 20.95%
b. The same—20.95%
c. Significantly lower than 20.95%
d. Negligible—close to 0%

A

b

60
Q

Which organisms use CO2 during the day? a. Fungi

b. Animals
c. Plants
d. Bacteria

A

c

61
Q

During high speed swimming, many fish rely on a method of ventilation called a. ram ventilation.

b. opercular pumping ventilation.
c. the opercular suction pump.
d. buccal pressure pumping ventilation.

A

a

62
Q

Which statement is the most accurate definition of external respiration?

a. Bulk flow (convection) of air or water to and from the gas-exchange membrane.
b. The process by which O2 is transported to the gas-exchange membrane from the environmental medium and by which CO2 is transported away from the membrane into the environmental medium.
c. The process by which CO2 is transported to the gas-exchange membrane from the environmental medium and O2 is transported away from the membrane into the environmental medium.
d. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the gas exchange membrane.

A

b

63
Q

Which animal is an example of a bimodal breather? a. Dog

b. Frog
c. Lizard
d. Crocodile

A

b

64
Q

The rate of O2 uptake by the breathing organ depends on the a. volume flow of air or water per unit of time.

b. amount of O2 removed from each unit of volume.
c. amount of CO2 needing to be removed.
d. volume flow of respiratory medium per unit time and the amount of O2 removed from each unit volume.

A

d

65
Q
  1. Which morphology sets up the least efficient gas exchange? a. Cocurrent gas exchange
    b. Convex current gas exchange
    c. Cross-current gas exchange
    d. Countercurrent gas exchange
A

a

66
Q

CO2 is more easily transferred into water across respiratory membranes compared to O2 because CO2

a. is more soluble in water.
b. moves faster.
c. is a smaller molecule.
d. has a higher cohesive force.

A

a

67
Q

HIF-1 and HIF-2 can help increase the O2-carrying ability of the blood by a. increasing the secretion of erythropoietin.

b. increasing ventilation rate.
c. decreasing the diffusion distance at the lungs.
d. increasing circulation rate.

A

a

68
Q

Which animal is likely to have the highest O2 and CO2 exchange percentage via the skin?

a. Goldfish
b. Bullfrog larva
c. Lungless salamander
d. Adult bullfrog

A

c

69
Q

In all vertebrates, the central pattern generators for breathing are located in the a. cerebellum.

b. lungs.
c. cortex.
d. medulla.

A

d

70
Q

How does a typical teleost fish, such as a goldfish, maintain ventilation of its gills when stationary in the water column?

a. With a buccal pressure pump
b. With an opercular suction pump
c. Via ram ventilation
d. With both a buccal pressure pump and an opercular suction pump.

A

d

71
Q

Fish make use of _______ exchange in their gills. a. cross-current

b. concurrent
c. cocurrent
d. countercurrent

A

d

72
Q

Which statement about air-breathing fish is false?

a. In most air-breathing fish, some part or branch of the alimentary canal has become specialized as an air-breathing organ.
b. Most air-breathing fish have lost gill function.
c. Air-breathing fish typically void most of their CO2 into the water.
d. Many air-breathing fish are able to shunt blood.

A

b

73
Q

An adult bullfrog excretes CO2 primarily through its a. skin.

b. gills.
c. lungs.
d. cloaca.

A

a

74
Q

During metamorphosis, a frog utilizes which gas-exchange organs? a. Gills only

b. Lungs only
c. Gills and lungs
d. Gills, skin, and lungs

A

d

75
Q

During the _______ developmental stage, the bullfrog splits oxygen uptake (roughly 50:50) between the gills and the skin.

a. aquatic tadpole
b. air-breathing tadpole
c. postmetamorphic froglet
d. adult

A

a

76
Q
  1. Which is primarily responsible for moving air into the lungs of a lizard? a. The buccal pump
    b. The buccopharyngeal pump
    c. The intercostal muscles
    d. The diaphragm
A

c

77
Q
  1. Which statement is a recently discovered similarity between alligator respiration and bird respiration?
    a. Cross-current gas exchange takes place.
    b. Air sacs are present.
    c. Ventilation is tidal.
    d. Ventilation is unidirectional.
A

d

78
Q

Which animal group(s) ventilate(s) with the use of negative pressure? a. Reptiles

b. Mammals
c. Amphibians
d. Both reptiles and mammals

A

d

79
Q

In which structure does diffusion of oxygen to capillaries not play a major role? a. Terminal bronchioles

b. Respiratory bronchioles
c. Alveolar ducts
d. Alveolar sacs

A

d

80
Q

The volume of air in the lungs following a complete exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume is

a. one-half the inspiratory reserve volume.
b. called the tidal volume.
c. very close to 0 mL.
d. called the residual volume.

A

d

81
Q

If the inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL, the tidal volume is 500 mL, the expiratory reserve volume is 1000 mL, and the residual volume is 1000 mL, what is the vital capacity?

a. 3500 mL
b. 4500 mL
c. 5000 mL
d. 5500 mL

A

b

82
Q

In the mammalian alveoli, the partial pressure of O2 is _______ that of atmospheric air and the CO2 partial pressure is _______ that of atmospheric air.

a. higher than; lower than
b. lower than; higher than
c. lower than; lower than
d. the same as; higher than

A

b

83
Q

Which animal group(s) has(have) a true diaphragm? a. Reptiles and mammals

b. Birds and mammals
c. Mammals
d. Birds

A

c

84
Q

In mammals, ventilation is modulated by the chemosensation of a. CO2.

b. CO2 and H+.
c. CO2 and O2.
d. CO2, H+, and O2.

A

d

85
Q

Hypoxia factors can respond to hypoxia (along with other possible cofactors or coactivators) with all of the following responses except

a. increased erythropoiesis.
b. increased synthesis of glucose transporters.
c. increased synthesis of enzymes of aerobic metabolism. d. the promotion of angiogenesis.

A

c

86
Q

A rise in arterial blood CO2 partial pressure by 5 mm Hg would increase ventilation frequency in humans. This mechanism would likely trigger increased ventilation in

a. all vertebrates.
b. just terrestrial vertebrates.
c. just aquatic vertebrates.
d. all animals.

A

b

87
Q

Which circumstance would increase ventilation frequency in humans? a. A reduction in arterial blood CO2 partial pressure by 15 mm Hg

b. A rise in venous blood CO2 partial pressure by 15 mm Hg
c. A reduction in arterial blood O2 partial pressure by 15 mm Hg
d. A rise in venous blood O2 partial pressure by 15 mm Hg

A

b

88
Q

Suppose you are comparing blood samples and samples of alveolar gas from two native Peruvians resting in their dwellings—one at sea level and one at 4500 m altitude. The O2 partial pressure would likely be the most similar in

a. their alveolar gas.
b. their arterial blood.
c. their venous blood.
d. the air in their tracheas.

A

c

89
Q

When lowlanders first ascend to high altitude, which of the following occurs? a. Hypoventilation

b. Bradycardia
c. Lowering of V̇ O2max
d. Hyperventilation

A

d

90
Q

The rate at which new air is brought into the alveoli and other respiratory pathways is called the

a. alveolar minute volume.
b. respiratory minute volume.
c. tidal volume.
d. ventilation rate.

A

a

91
Q

As mammals get smaller, lung volume _______ and breathing frequency _______. a. increases exponentially; increases exponentially

b. decreases exponentially; increases exponentially
c. decreases proportionally; increases exponentially
d. increases proportionally; decreases proportionally

A

c

92
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

a. keeps the alveoli from collapsing by reducing the surface tension.
b. inflates the alveoli by increasing the surface tension.
c. keeps the alveoli from collapsing by increasing the surface tension.
d. increases the rate of gas exchange across the alveoli by the secretion of phospholipids.

A

a

93
Q

Which structure(s) is(are) primarily responsible for gas exchange in the bird respiratory system?

a. Mesobronchus
b. Secondary bronchi
c. Parabronchi
d. Air sacs

A

c

94
Q

Bird respiration is characterized by _______ air flow and _______ gas exchange. a. nondirectional; countercurrent

b. unidirectional; cross-current
c. nondirectional; cross-current
d. unidirectional; countercurrent

A

b

95
Q

Branchial papulae are essentially gill processes in which major animal group? a. Annelids

b. Horseshoe crabs
c. Aquatic snails
d. Sea stars

A

d

96
Q

The evolution of sheetlike gills occurred in which major animal group? a. Annelids

b. Horseshoe crabs
c. Echinoderms
d. Molluscs

A

d

97
Q

The evolution of the mantle cavity into a lung occurred in which major animal group? a. Annelids

b. Horseshoe crabs
c. Sea stars
d. Snails

A

d

98
Q

An aquatic decapod crustacean moves water through the branchial chamber and ventilates the gills with its

a. opercular pump.
b. buccal pump.
c. mouth.
d. scaphognathite.

A

d

99
Q

Which statement about land crab respiration is true?

a. Most land crabs have evolved lungs.
b. They allow their gills to go dry and ventilate them with air.
c. Their gills are ventilated with water.
d. O2 is taken up chiefly by their branchial-chamber epithelium.

A

d

100
Q

The entrance to the gas exchange system of insects is via a. spiracles.

b. the mouth.
c. the scaphognathite.
d. the branchial chamber.

A

a

101
Q

Although tracheoles run between cells, they also very commonly penetrate _______ cells.

a. flight muscle
b. nervous system
c. circulatory system
d. heart muscle

A

a

102
Q

A key mechanism of gas transport through the tracheal system is a. muscular contraction.

b. the scaphognathite.
c. diffusion.
d. spiracle size.

A

c

103
Q

What is the main vulnerability of the insect respiratory system? a. The release of accumulated CO2 is slow.

b. It is susceptible to evaporative water loss.
c. It must be continually ventilated.
d. O2 uptake is very slow.

A

b

104
Q

Aquatic insects sometimes have evaginations of the body surface called _______ that are densely supplied with trachea and covered with a thin cuticle.

a. gills
b. book lungs
c. tracheal gills
d. spiracles

A

c

105
Q
  1. Which statement is the best definition of external respiration?
    a. The bulk flow of air or water to and from the gas-exchange membrane
    b. The thin layer of tissue, typically consisting of one or two epithelia, that separates the internal tissues of the animal from the environment
    c. The process by which O2 is transported from the environment to the gas-exchange membrane and CO2 is transported from the membrane to the environment
    d. The use of O2 at the mitochondria, along with the production of CO2, during aerobic metabolism
A

c

106
Q

The partial pressure of O2 in the blood leaving the breathing organ depends on the a. amount of blood.

b. flow of air or water at the interface.
c. size of the respiratory organ.
d. amount of blood and flow of air or water at the interface.

A

b

107
Q

Which morphology allows for the most efficient gas exchange? a. Cocurrent

b. Countercurrent
c. Cross-current
d. Concurrent

A

b

108
Q

A blood sample that has an extremely low partial pressure of CO2 is most likely from a(n)

a. fish.
b. marine animal.
c. terrestrial animal.
d. animal exchanging respiratory gas with water.

A

d

109
Q

Which animal group tends to have the thinnest gas-exchange membrane? a. Mammals

b. Birds
c. Nonavian reptiles
d. Amphibians

A

b

110
Q

The protective external flap that covers the gills on a fish’s head is called the a. operculum.

b. secondary lamellae.
c. gill arches.
d. gill slits.

A

a

111
Q

The major stimulus for increased ventilation in fish is a. decreased O2.

b. increased exercise.
c. decreased temperature.
d. both decreased O2 and increased exercise.

A

d

112
Q
  1. Carbon dioxide excretion in the bullfrog is highest across the a. lungs only in the adult stage.
    b. skin at all stages.
    c. gills during the tadpole stage.
    d. gills during the adult stage only.
A

b

113
Q

Which animals use positive pressure ventilation? a. Amphibians

b. Birds
c. Mammals
d. Reptiles

A

a

114
Q

Which statement regarding mammalian ventilation is false? a. Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles.

b. Inspiration always requires muscle contraction.
c. Expiration always requires muscle contraction.
d. There is no convective movement of gas in the alveoli.

A

c

115
Q
  1. The maximal possible tidal volume is called the a. inspiratory reserve volume.
    b. vital capacity.
    c. expiratory reserve volume.
    d. tidal volume.
A

b

116
Q

In mammals, moving air into the lungs is achieved mainly by a. relaxing the abdominals.

b. contracting the diaphragm.
c. relaxing the diaphragm.
d. contracting the abdominals.

A

b

117
Q

In mammals, ventilation is modulated by chemosensation of a. CO2.

b. CO2 and H+.
c. CO2 and O2.
d. CO2, H+, and O2.

A

d

118
Q

The substance responsible for the prevention of alveolar collapse is a. surfactant.

b. mucous.
c. water.
d. anticohesive.

A

a

119
Q

The bellows action used by birds in breathing is generated by a. contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm.

b. contraction and relaxation of intercostals.
c. expansion and compression of the air sacs.
d. expansion and compression of the parabronchi.

A

c

120
Q

The gas-exchange system in birds is a. concurrent.

b. countercurrent.
c. cross-current.
d. anticurrent.

A

c

121
Q

Within the molluscs, a lung modified from the mantle cavity to allow respiration of air on land is seen in which group?

a. Snails
b. Bivalves
c. Cephalopods
d. Decapod crustaceans

A

a

122
Q

The entrance to the insect tracheal system is via a. modified lungs.

b. modified gills.
c. air sacs.
d. spiracles.

A

d

123
Q

In insects, oxygen moves through the tracheal system by a. diffusion.

b. both diffusion and convection.
c. rhythmic tracheal compression.
d. diffusion, convection, and rhythmic tracheal compression.

A

d

124
Q

Which animal uses a tracheal system? a. Sea star

b. Mollusc
c. Crayfish
d. Flea

A

d

Bio 207 final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions