Ch. 22 Flashcards
What is Evoltuion?
Decent with Modification - a species accumulate differences form their ancestors as they adapt to different environment’s overtime
- change in population and gene pool overtime
How did Darwin become interested in the theory of Evolution?
- 5 year journey on HMS beagle at age 22 - purpose riches: spices, gold, land, slaves
- He discovered adaptions, inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments
- the diverse groups of finches from the Galápagos Islands
What is the pattern and process of evolution?
Pattern - observing evolutionary change in a population
Process - causation to observed change (the environment)
What is Darwins mechanism to Descent with Modification?
Natural Selection: Individuals have certain inherited traits that tends to survive and reproduce at higher rates than individuals because of those traits
Overtime ______________ can increase the frequency of adaptions that are favorable in a given environment.
Natural Selection
What are the two evolutionary factors that are caused by descent with modification?
Unity of Life: all organisms have similar characteristics
Diversity of life: cause by adaptations
What does Descent mean and what does Modification mean?
Descent: shared ancestory -> shared characteristics
Modification: accumulation of differences can be observed
What are the three Scientists who used Geological research to observe changes over time/evolution? Who are the ones that studied biological research for this?
Geological
- Caroles Linnaeus
-George’s Cuvier
-Charles Lyell and James Hutton
Biological
-Jean-Baptiste de Lamark
- Alfred Russel Wallace and Darwin
How did the research of Caroles Linnaeous contribute to evolution?
He noticed similarities and differences between living organisms and grouped the similar species into categories and hierarchies
How did the research of Georges Cuvier contribute the idea of evolution?
He studied fossil, older rock layers have fossils more different than current life forms
- opposed idea of evolution,, change come from catastrophic events
What are Charles Lyell and Hames Hutton ideas and research on evolution?
Geological features formed slowly overtime and some geological processes occur daily
What did Jean-Baptiste de Lamark believe and research about evolution?
Body structures that are used a lot become modified and these acquired characteristics are passed on to the future generations
- He was WRONG: genes are inherited, not acquired
What is Alfred Russel Wallace and Darwin’s research and ideas of evolution?
That Natural Selection is the Mechanism to explain Descent with Modification
What is a theory in science?
Idea supported by lots of evidence overtime
- Understanding how something works with lots of evidence and extermination
What are the foundational observation and inferences for Darwins theory of Natural Selection?
Obs #1: Genetic Variation exists in traits amount members of a population
Obs #2: Traits are inherited (offspring resembles parent)
Obs #3: Overproduction of offspring: all species can produce more offspring than their environment can support
Obs #4: Struggle for existence: some offspring fail to survive and reproduce
Inf #1: Differential survival and reproduction: Indiv w/ traits that allow for survival and reproduction have more offspring
Inf #2: Favoriable traits accumulate in pop over generations: Due to the unequal ability of ind. to survive/reproduce
What are the four evidence for Evolution?
Direct observation
Homology
Fossil Record
Biogeography
What is an example of Direct observation in Natural Selection? What are the 3 key Points of Natural Selection?
Bacteria and Viruses can reproduce in a short period of time
- MRSE and S. Aureus
3 key points of Natural Selection
1) natural selection is a process of editing, not a creative mechanism
2) In species that produce new generations in short periods of time, evolution by natural section can occur rapidly, in short years or decades
3) Natural Selection depends on time and space
What is a Homology? An example in Morphology (anatomy)?
A similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestry yet function differently ( is a DERIVED trait/evolution)
- the forelimbs of all mammals: humans, cats, whales and beasts show the same arrangement of bones from shoulder tip, even though they have different functions: lifting, walking, swimming, flying
What are homologous structures and vestigial structures?
Homologous structures - represents variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor (derived evolution)
Vestigial structures: remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors (convergent evolution)
When comparing embryology, genetics, and morphology what type of derived evolution is it?
Homology
- they have similar vertebrate embryos
- genetic code is same: DNA, RNA, genes
What is an Analogous? Example?
Similar characteristics due to Convergence Evolution, rather than descent form common ancestor
- share common function, but not common ancestory
Ex: a Dolphin and shark -> both have flippers, torpedo-shaped body, dorsal fin, pectoral fin but a dolphin is a mammal and shark is a fish
How is fossil record an example of Evolution?
It documents the pattern of evolution
- Shows that overtime, descent with modification produced increasingly large differences among relative groups of organisms, ultimately resulting in the diversity of life today
What are the two components of the Fossil Record that supports Evolution?
Strata layer and Bones
How does the strata layer support evidence for evolution in the fossil record?
1) Distribution of Species
- The same kind of fossil are found in comparable layers in different parts of the world
Ex: seashells in rocks of high mountains
2) Differences among species
- Upper layers: more like modern species
- Middle-layers: structurally similar to fossils in upper and deep layers but more intricate than deep layers
- Deep layers: simple (marine)
