Ch. 22

Question 1

What is Evoltuion?

Answer 1

Decent with Modification - a species accumulate differences form their ancestors as they adapt to different environment’s overtime
- change in population and gene pool overtime

Question 2

How did Darwin become interested in the theory of Evolution?

Answer 2

• 5 year journey on HMS beagle at age 22 - purpose riches: spices, gold, land, slaves
• He discovered adaptions, inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments
  - the diverse groups of finches from the Galápagos Islands

Question 3

What is the pattern and process of evolution?

Answer 3

Pattern - observing evolutionary change in a population
Process - causation to observed change (the environment)

Question 4

What is Darwins mechanism to Descent with Modification?

Answer 4

Natural Selection: Individuals have certain inherited traits that tends to survive and reproduce at higher rates than individuals because of those traits

Question 5

Overtime ______________ can increase the frequency of adaptions that are favorable in a given environment.

Answer 5

Natural Selection

Question 6

What are the two evolutionary factors that are caused by descent with modification?

Answer 6

Unity of Life: all organisms have similar characteristics
Diversity of life: cause by adaptations

Question 7

What does Descent mean and what does Modification mean?

Answer 7

Descent: shared ancestory -> shared characteristics
Modification: accumulation of differences can be observed

Question 8

What are the three Scientists who used Geological research to observe changes over time/evolution? Who are the ones that studied biological research for this?

Answer 8

Geological
- Caroles Linnaeus
-George’s Cuvier
-Charles Lyell and James Hutton
Biological
-Jean-Baptiste de Lamark
- Alfred Russel Wallace and Darwin

Question 9

How did the research of Caroles Linnaeous contribute to evolution?

Answer 9

He noticed similarities and differences between living organisms and grouped the similar species into categories and hierarchies

Question 10

How did the research of Georges Cuvier contribute the idea of evolution?

Answer 10

He studied fossil, older rock layers have fossils more different than current life forms
- opposed idea of evolution,, change come from catastrophic events

Question 11

What are Charles Lyell and Hames Hutton ideas and research on evolution?

Answer 11

Geological features formed slowly overtime and some geological processes occur daily

Question 12

What did Jean-Baptiste de Lamark believe and research about evolution?

Answer 12

Body structures that are used a lot become modified and these acquired characteristics are passed on to the future generations
- He was WRONG: genes are inherited, not acquired

Question 13

What is Alfred Russel Wallace and Darwin’s research and ideas of evolution?

Answer 13

That Natural Selection is the Mechanism to explain Descent with Modification

Question 14

What is a theory in science?

Answer 14

Idea supported by lots of evidence overtime
- Understanding how something works with lots of evidence and extermination

Question 15

What are the foundational observation and inferences for Darwins theory of Natural Selection?

Answer 15

Obs #1: Genetic Variation exists in traits amount members of a population
Obs #2: Traits are inherited (offspring resembles parent)
Obs #3: Overproduction of offspring: all species can produce more offspring than their environment can support
Obs #4: Struggle for existence: some offspring fail to survive and reproduce
Inf #1: Differential survival and reproduction: Indiv w/ traits that allow for survival and reproduction have more offspring
Inf #2: Favoriable traits accumulate in pop over generations: Due to the unequal ability of ind. to survive/reproduce

Question 16

What are the four evidence for Evolution?

Answer 16

Direct observation
Homology
Fossil Record
Biogeography

Question 17

What is an example of Direct observation in Natural Selection? What are the 3 key Points of Natural Selection?

Answer 17

Bacteria and Viruses can reproduce in a short period of time
- MRSE and S. Aureus
3 key points of Natural Selection
1) natural selection is a process of editing, not a creative mechanism
2) In species that produce new generations in short periods of time, evolution by natural section can occur rapidly, in short years or decades
3) Natural Selection depends on time and space

Question 18

What is a Homology? An example in Morphology (anatomy)?

Answer 18

A similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestry yet function differently ( is a DERIVED trait/evolution)
- the forelimbs of all mammals: humans, cats, whales and beasts show the same arrangement of bones from shoulder tip, even though they have different functions: lifting, walking, swimming, flying

Question 19

What are homologous structures and vestigial structures?

Answer 19

Homologous structures - represents variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor (derived evolution)
Vestigial structures: remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors (convergent evolution)

Question 20

When comparing embryology, genetics, and morphology what type of derived evolution is it?

Answer 20

Homology
- they have similar vertebrate embryos
- genetic code is same: DNA, RNA, genes

Question 21

What is an Analogous? Example?

Answer 21

Similar characteristics due to Convergence Evolution, rather than descent form common ancestor
- share common function, but not common ancestory
Ex: a Dolphin and shark -> both have flippers, torpedo-shaped body, dorsal fin, pectoral fin but a dolphin is a mammal and shark is a fish

Question 22

How is fossil record an example of Evolution?

Answer 22

It documents the pattern of evolution
- Shows that overtime, descent with modification produced increasingly large differences among relative groups of organisms, ultimately resulting in the diversity of life today

Question 23

What are the two components of the Fossil Record that supports Evolution?

Answer 23

Strata layer and Bones

Question 24

How does the strata layer support evidence for evolution in the fossil record?

Answer 24

1) Distribution of Species
- The same kind of fossil are found in comparable layers in different parts of the world
Ex: seashells in rocks of high mountains
2) Differences among species
- Upper layers: more like modern species
- Middle-layers: structurally similar to fossils in upper and deep layers but more intricate than deep layers
- Deep layers: simple (marine)

Question 25

How do bones support evidence for evolution in the fossil record?

Answer 25

1) Similarities in fossil and current species
2) Transitional forms: changes that have occurred in various groups of organisms and origins of new groups
Ex: horse feet changing from 4 toes to one hoof and shark teeth being very large to small

Question 26

What is Biogeography and how is it an example of Evolution? Ex?

Answer 26

Is the distribution of species in time and space around the world
- study of past and present geographic distributions of species
- comparison between species that are similar but far apart
Ex: explains why marsupials are distributed in the Americas, Australia, and New Guinea
(the continental drift/divide)

Question 27

Which is random or not natural selection or mutations?

Answer 27

Natural Selection = Not random
Mutations = random