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Anatomy exam #2 > Ch. 21 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Ch. 21 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Define hemodynamics

A

how blood flow is altered and distributed and by which blood pressure is regulated

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2
Q

embryonic mesoderm is where

A

blood vessels develop from angioblasts

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3
Q

define angiogenesis

A

the growth of new blood vessels

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4
Q

vascular endothelial growth factors are secreted by

A

malignant tumors and stimulate angiogenesis to feed blood to the developing tumor

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5
Q

blood vessels form

A

a closed system of tubes that carry blood away from the heart, transport it to the tissues of the body, and then return it to the heart.

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6
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart to the tissues

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7
Q

arterioles are

A

small arteries that connect to capillaries

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8
Q

capillaries

A

the site of substance exchange between the blood and body tissues

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9
Q

venules connect

A

capillaries to larger veins

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10
Q

veins

A

convey blood from the tissues back towards the heart

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11
Q

vasa vasorum is a

A

“vessel that supplies a vessel” is more common in veins

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12
Q

arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues

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13
Q

“vaso” refers to

A

blood vessels

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14
Q

do arteries or veins have thicker walls?

A

arteries

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15
Q

what happens with arteries during ventricular systole? during ventricular diastole?

A

walls of major arteries stretch to accommodate the stroke volume.

during diastole, arteries recoil, helping control blood pressure and flow.

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16
Q

what does the wall of an artery consist of?

A

tunica intima, internal elastic lamina, tunica media, external elastic lamina, and tunica externa (adventitia)

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17
Q

tunica intima is

A

simple squamous

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18
Q

internal elastic lamina

A

elastin in walls; fenestrated

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19
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer, smooth muscle, elastic CT, majority of thickness of wall of vessel.

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20
Q

external elastic lamina

A

elastic fibers; fenestrated.

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21
Q

tunica externa (adventitia)

A

outermost layer.

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22
Q

functional properties of arteries

A

elasticity and contractility

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23
Q

elastic arteries/conducting arteries & examples

A

largest of the arteries with more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle in their walls.
ex: aorta, subclavian

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24
Q

muscular arteries or distributing arteries & examples

A

large amount of smooth muscle in the tunica media that distribute blood to various parts of the body; 40-50 layers of smooth muscle
ex: renal or axillary artery

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25
Q

arterioles are___. How many layers?

A

smallest and last vessels on the arterial side of the circulation
3-6 layers of smooth muscle

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26
Q

vasoconstriction/vasodilation

A

regulate blood flow and arterial blood pressure;
sympathetic fibers (arise from medulla’s vaso motor center) cause vasoconstriction; parasympathetic vasodilates.

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27
Q

metarterioles

A

terminal ends of arterioles; 1-2 layers of smooth muscle. they control blood flow from arteries to capillaries.

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28
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic vessels that usually connect arteries and venules

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29
Q

microcirculation

A

the flow of blood through the capillaries

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30
Q

primary function of capillaries

A

to permit the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells through interstitial fluid by diffusion.

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31
Q

what must the cardiovascular system due to allow diffusion?

A

bring blood to capillaries with enough pressure.

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32
Q

what are capillary walls composed of?

A

a single layer of cells and a basement membrane; lined with simple squamous

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33
Q

how many blood vessels are capillaries?

A

about half: 50,000

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34
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

connect the artery system to venous system

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35
Q

how much blood can an artery hold?

A

a single capillary can hold a minute amount of blood. However, all capillaries are able to hold more blood than what’s in your entire body. if every capillary was open to blood flow, all blood would enter capillaries and none would get back to your heart, so they remain closed at certain times; would cause death.

36
Q

precapillary sphincters are

A

rings of smooth muscle fibers that regulate blood flow through capillaries; very sensitive to chemical changes; surround the arteriole before it enters the capillary

37
Q

what regulates blood flow through capillaries?

A

the nervous system

38
Q

what causes sphincters to open?

A

decreased O2, increase CO2, acidic pH
(oxygenates blood)

39
Q

what causes sphincters to close?

A

increased O2
decreased CO2
basic pH

40
Q

3 types of capillaries

A
  1. thick, continuous capillary
  2. fenestrated
  3. sinusoid
41
Q

venules

A

small veins that are formed from the union of several capillaries; venules merge to form medium veins; drain blood from capillaries into medium veins; thinner wall, thickest layer is tunica externa

42
Q

veins

A

consist of the same 3 tunics as arteries but have thinner tunica intimas and tunica medias

43
Q

largest vein is?

A

inferior vena cava

44
Q

what do veins below the diaphragm contain? why?

A

valves to prevent the back flow of blood.

45
Q

venous sinuses

A

veins with very thin walls and no smooth muscle to alter their diameters
ex: superior sagittal sinus, coronary sinus.

46
Q

venous return

A

pressure in the veins is too low to account for the return of blood to the heart from body regions lying below the heart.

47
Q

4 mechanisms that aid venous return

A
  1. skeletal muscle contraction
  2. venous vasomotion
  3. respiratory movements (decrease pressure as you inspire, decreasing pressure in the IVC and SVC causing blood to flow.)
  4. vasoconstriction control of sympathetic nervous system - decreases ability to hold blood, blood flows.
48
Q

postural reflex

A

maintains venous return and cardiac output when changing to the upright posture; veins decrease in diameter which reduces their capacity to store blood; sympathetic, smooth muscle contracts

49
Q

what happens to veins when you lay down?

A

pressure decreases and major veins collapse.

50
Q

blood reservoirs

A

systemic veins and venules where the largest portion (at rest) of blood is stored.

51
Q

principle reservoirs are the veins of 3 major organs, which?

A
  1. liver 2. spleen 3. skin
52
Q

simple diffusion

A

most important method of capillary exchange

53
Q

blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of a blood vessel; in clinical use, BP refers to pressure in arteries; generated by contraction of heart, forcing blood to flow high to low; decreases as you get away from heart.

53
Q

blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of a blood vessel; in clinical use, BP refers to pressure in arteries; generated by contraction of heart, forcing blood to flow high to low; decreases as you get away from heart.

54
Q

is pressure higher in arteries or veins?

A

arteries.

55
Q

is pressure highest in systemic or pulmonary arteries?

A

systemic

56
Q

systolic pressure

A

arteriole pressure developed during ventricular systole (120-130 mmHg)

57
Q

diastole pressure

A

minimum pressure at the end of ventricular diastole (70-80mmhg)

58
Q

pulse pressure=

A

systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
tells you the stroke volume

59
Q

4 factors that affect arterial blood pressure

A
  1. pumping action of the heart (cardiac output) aka stroke volume: INCREASE bp.
  2. peripheral resistance: the opposition to blood flow: INCREASE bp.
  3. elasticity of the arteries: INCREASE elasticity, DECREASE bp and vice versa.
  4. blood viscosity: ability of a fluid to flow: INCREASE viscosity, INCREASE bp and vice versa.
60
Q

what is viscosity related to?

A

RBC count.
increase RBC, increase viscosity.

61
Q

blood flow

A

the volume that flows through any tissue in each period of time

62
Q

the velocity of blood flow is ______ proportional to the cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

A

inversely.
DECREASE cross sectional area, INCREASE flow.

63
Q

blood flow ______ from the aorta to the arteries and capillaries; but it _____ as it returns to the heart

A

decreases; increases.

64
Q

syncope

A

“fainting”; refers to a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness followed by a spontaneous recovery due to an inadequate blood supply to the brain

65
Q

causes of syncope

A
  1. low blood pressure
  2. low blood volume
  3. vagus nerve stimulation (vasovagal syncope due to pain/fear/stress)
66
Q

cardiovascular system is

A

a group of neurons in the medulla that regulates heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel diameter

67
Q

which fibers does output from the cardiovascular system flow on?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

68
Q

what do sympathetic impulses along cardioaccelerator nerves do?

A

accelerates heart rate and contractility

69
Q

what does parasympathetic impulses along vagus nerves (CN 10) do?

A

inhibit heart rate.

70
Q

what results in a moderate state of tonic contraction or vasoconstriction?

A

the sympathetic division continually sending impulses to smooth muscle in blood vessel walls via vasomotor nerves.

71
Q

vasomotor tone is

A

a moderate state of tonic contraction or vasoconstriction

72
Q

baroreceptors is

A

important pressure-sensitive sensory neurons that monitor stretching of the walls of blood vessels and the atria

73
Q

cardiac sinus reflex

A

concerned with maintaining normal blood pressure in the brain and is initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the carotid sinus

74
Q

aortic reflex

A

concerned with general systemic blood pressure and is initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the aortic arch

75
Q

carotid sinus massage

A

can decrease the heart rate and lead to syncope

76
Q

chemoreceptors are located

A

close to the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch

77
Q

what will stimulate the CAC and VMC to increase blood pressure?

A

a decrease in O2 or acidity; an increase in CO2

78
Q

what hormones affect blood pressure and flow?

A

angiotensin II, epinephrine, norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide.

79
Q

effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) on the cardiovascular system

A

similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system; increase heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output, increasing arterial blood pressure,

80
Q

pulse

A

the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery wall within each heartbeat.

81
Q

normal pulse rate?

A

70-72 beats per min

82
Q

tachycardia

A

fast resting heart rate (over 100 beats per min)

83
Q

bradycardia

A

slow resting heart rate (under 60 beats per min)

84
Q

shock

A

an inadequate cardiac output that results in failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of body cells.

85
Q

signs and symptoms of shock

A

clammy, cool, pale skin; tachycardia; weak, rapid pulse; sweating; hypotension (systemic pressure under 90), decreased cardiac output.

86
Q

systemic circulation

A

takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to all parts of the body, including some lung tissue (but does not supply air sacs of the lungs) and returns the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Anatomy exam #2 (2 decks)

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