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Anatomy exam #2 > ch. 20: Cardiovascular system: The heart > Flashcards

ch. 20: Cardiovascular system: The heart Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

blood, heart, blood vessels

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2
Q

What kind of pump is the heart?

A

a double pump that circulates the blood through an estimated 100,000 miles of blood vessels.

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3
Q

where is the heart situated?

A

between the lungs in the mediastinum (space within the thoracic cavity)

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4
Q

mediastinum includes:

A

heart, thymus gland, aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary trunk

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5
Q

pericardium function and what it consists of

A

encloses and holds the heart in place; consists of an outer fibrous pericardium, and an inner serous pericardium (epicardium)

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6
Q

serous pericardium is composed of

A

a parietal layer and a visceral layer

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7
Q

pericardial cavity is between the and does

A

between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium; potential space filled with pericardial fluid

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8
Q

pericardial fluid function

A

reduces friction

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9
Q

pericarditis causes

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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10
Q

3 layers of heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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11
Q

myocardium is

A

muscular wall; cardiac tissue

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12
Q

endocardium is composed of? function?

A

composed of simple squamous epithelium; areolar CT; covers valves and lines chambers

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13
Q

myocarditis causes

A

inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium)

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14
Q

endocarditis causes

A

an inflammation of the endocardium and usually involves the heart valves

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15
Q

chambers of the heart

A

2 upper atria
2 lower ventricles (thicker wall)
*thickness of chamber depends on muscle

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16
Q

what is on the external surface of the heart?

A

auricles and sulci

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17
Q

auricles are

A

small extensions of each atrium

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18
Q

sulci are

A

grooves that contain blood vessels and fat

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19
Q

right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from 4 major blood vessels:

A
  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. coronary sinus
  4. anterior cardiac veins
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20
Q

fossa ovalis (right atrium) is

A

the remnant of the foramen ovale

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21
Q

pectinate muscles are raised ridges of the myocardium in the walls of the

A

right atrium

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22
Q

tricuspid valve (atrioventricular valve) is where

A

blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through this valve.

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23
Q

right ventricle forms

A

most of the anterior surface of the heart

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24
Q

trabeculae carnae are raised ridges of myocardium located in the walls of the

A

right & left ventricle

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25
Q

trabeculae carnae function

A

function: part of the heart’s conduction system

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26
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve is a

A

valve through which blood is pumped from the right ventricles into the pulmonary trunk

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27
Q

moderator band of muscle stretches across the

A

lumen of the right ventricle and attaches to the interventricular septum

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28
Q

left atrium receives

A

oxygenated blood from four veins

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29
Q

mitral / bicuspid valve (atrioventricular valve) is the valve through which

A

blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle

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30
Q

pectinate muscles is raised ridges of myocardium located in the walls of the

A

left atrium

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31
Q

left ventricle forms

A

the apex of the heart

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32
Q

aortic semilunar valve valve through which blood is pumped from the

A

left ventricle into the aorta.

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33
Q

ductus arteriosus shunts blood from

A

the pulmonary trunk into the aorta

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34
Q

what does the thickness of the myocardium of each chamber vary according to?

A

the function of each chamber

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35
Q

are atrial walls thicker or thinner than ventricle walls?

A

thinner.

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36
Q

why are the walls of the right ventricle thinner than the left ventricle?

A

they pump blood into the lungs (pulmonary circulation)

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37
Q

why are the walls of the left ventricles thickest?

A

they pump blood into the systemic circulation

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38
Q

what do valves open close in response to?

A

pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes

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39
Q

what do the 2 atrioventricular valves do?

A

prevent blood flow from the ventricles back to the atria

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40
Q

what is back flow prevented by?

A

the contraction of cone like papillary muscles that tighten fibrous cords called chordae tendineae

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41
Q

chordae tendineae are

A

anchor cusps of the valve to the papillary muscles; DO NOT open valves … keeps valves closed

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42
Q

when do atrioventricular valves open?

A

when pressure in the atria exceeds the pressure in the ventricles

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43
Q

what do the 2 semilunar valves prevent?

A

blood flow from the major arteries of the heart back into the ventricles

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44
Q

when do semilunar valves open?

A

when pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressures in the major arteries

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45
Q

stenosis is a

A

narrowing of a heart valve which restricts blood flow because the valve cannot completely open

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46
Q

insufficiency or incompetence means a

A

failure of a valve to close completely; causes heart murmurs - back flow of blood through a valve that doesn’t completely close.

47
Q

mitral valve prolapse is a

A

bulging of one or both leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during ventricular systole: need an EKG. doesn’t cause a problem, can grow out of it, more common in women.

48
Q

if you have mitral valve prolapse you cannot have

A

coffee, chocolate, soda, nicotine, or nasal spray

49
Q

mitral valve prolapse symptoms include

A

fatigue, dizziness, palpitation, dyspnea, non-cardiac related chest pain

50
Q

heart murmur is an

A

an abnormal sound that is caused by the turbulent backward flow of blood through a valve that is only partially closed.

51
Q

are all heart murmurs abnormal or symptomatic?

A

no but they can indicate a valve disorder

52
Q

the left side of the heart is the pump for _________

A

systemic circulation

53
Q

the right side of the heart is the pump for the ____

A

pulmonary circulation

54
Q

coronary (cardiac) circulation is the

A

flow of blood through the many vessels that traverse through the myocardium of the heart

55
Q

principal arteries in the coronary circulation are located in the

A

right and left coronary arteries

56
Q

principal vein in the coronary circulation occurs in the

A

coronary sinus

57
Q

cardiac muscle fibers are

A

elongated, branching cells, with a single, large and centrally located nucleus; their fibers have irregular contours at their junctions and are connected by intercalated discs (gap junctions and desmosomes)

58
Q

cardiac muscles have the ____ arrangement of actin and myosin, and the same bands, zones, and Z discs as skeletal muscles

A

same

59
Q

replacement of heart cells (cardiomyocytes) allows

A

stem cells in the blood can migrate to the heart and differentiate

60
Q

autorhythmic cells generate

A

their own electrical activity

61
Q

why are cardiac muscle cells autorhythmic?

A

they are self-excitable; act as a pacemaker to set the rhythm for the entire heart; form the conduction system which is the route for propagating action potentials through the heart muscle.

62
Q

cardiac muscle cells DO NOT need

A

a nerve supply to beat (but it still has one)

63
Q

components of the conduction system

A

1.sinoatrial node (right atrium)
2. atrioventricular node (right atrium)
3. atrioventricular bundle [bundle of His] (interventricular septum)
4. R&L bundle branches (interventricular septum)
5. conduction myofibers [Purkinje fibers] (ventricular myocardium)

64
Q

what will stimulation from the autonomic nervous system by way of the cardiac acceleration center or cardiac inhibitory center do?

A

modify the heartbeat in terms of rate and strength of contraction

65
Q

Is cardiac accelerator center is sympathetic or parasympathetic?Why?

A

sympathetic (increase heart rate)

66
Q

Is cardiac inhibitory center sympathetic or parasympathetic?Why?

A

parasympathetic (decreases heart rate)

67
Q

tachycardia resting heart rate

A

over 100

68
Q

bradycardia resting heart rate

A

less than 60

69
Q

what can be done to fix an abnormal heart rhythm?

A

insert a pacemaker.

70
Q

cardiac cycle

A

consists of the systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of both atria, rapidly followed by the systole and diastole of both ventricles

71
Q

systole means

A

contraction

72
Q

diastole means

A

relaxation

73
Q

during a cardiac cycle, which way is blood forced?

A

high pressure to low pressure

74
Q

phases of the cardiac cycle

A

diastasis, atrial systole, ventricular systole, and ventricular diastole.

75
Q

diastasis process

A

atrial systole begins during ventricular diastole and forces blood into the ventricles. atria start diastole as ventricular systole begins. During ventricular systole, blood is ejected from ventricles into pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta. The atria (diastole) begin to fill with blood. The ventricles now enter diastole; for a very short time, both atria and ventricles are in diastole (diastasis).

76
Q

diastasis forces the AV valves to _____

A

open

77
Q

atrial systole is when

A

the atria contract and force blood into the ventricles stretching the ventricular walls

78
Q

ventricular systole is when

A

the ventricles contract and increased pressure forces the AV valves to close. this closure of AV produces the first heart sound.

79
Q

ventricular diastole is when

A

the ventricles are relaxed and commence diastole; as the pressure in the ventricles decrease the SL valves close. (2nd heart sound)

80
Q

auscultation

A

the act of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope

80
Q

auscultation

A

the act of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope

81
Q

where does the sound of a heartbeat come from?

A

primarily, the turbulence in blood flow caused by the closure of the valves, not from the contraction of the heart muscle.

82
Q

first heart sound

A

lub; created by the closure of the AV valves

83
Q

second heart sound

A

dub; represents the closure of the SL valves

84
Q

third heart sound

A

inaudible with stethoscope; caused by the vibration of the ventricular walls as blood rushes into ventricles.

85
Q

fourth heart sound

A

inaudible with stethoscope; caused by the contraction of the atrial pectinate muscles in the wall of atrium; muscles ensure all blood drains from atrium

86
Q

why is electrical activity detected at the surface of the body?

A

as electrical activity sweeps from the nodes through the myocardium, muscle membranes depolarize and re-polarize and electrical current spread into the tissues surrounding the heart and can be detected.

87
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) determines

A

helps to determine if the conduction pathway is abnormal, if the heart is enlarged, and if certain regions of the heart are damaged. measures amount, direction, and speed of electrical movement through the heart. Therefore, waves of depolarization and repolarization sweep through the heart. before the heart muscle contracts, depolarization must occur

88
Q

Name EKG waves/complex

A

P wave, T wave, QRS complex

89
Q

P wave

A

represents atrial depolarization by firing of SA node (right and left atrium)

90
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization by firing of SA nose. spreads through bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, and ventricular muscle. BEFORE ventricular systole.

91
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

92
Q

fibrillation is

A

electrical activity becomes chaotic and coordinated systole ends as multiple foci in the atria fire.

93
Q

atrial fibrillation is

A

dangerous but not fatal; the AV node is stimulated by random activity in the atria

94
Q

ventricular fibrillation is

A

rapidly fatal; the ventricles have failed.

95
Q

the heart’s ability to discharge oxygen-carrying blood must be _____. why?

A

variable. because body cells need specific amounts of blood each minute to maintain health and life.

96
Q

cardiac output is

A

the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle (or right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

97
Q

diastolic volume is

A

200 mls of blood

98
Q

right and left ventricles each pump _____ amount of blood per min and _____ volume of blood is pumped through the pulmonary and systemic circulations each min

A

same. same.

99
Q

stroke volume is

A

the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction.

100
Q

heart rate is

A

number of beats per minute

101
Q

cardiac output is

A

stroke volume (mL/min) X heart rate (beats/min)// about 5 liters of blood per min goes through cardiovascular system.

102
Q

what happens to cardiac output during exercise/stress?

A

considerably increased.

can go from 5ml/min to either 15/20ml or 35-40ml in a trained athlete.

103
Q

residual volume is

A

the amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after systole (130mL).

104
Q

increase in heart rate and/or stroke volume will _____ cardiac output

A

increase

105
Q

the more forceful the systole, the _____ the cardiac output

A

greater

106
Q

autonomic nervous system: sympathetic stimulation causes 4 events: and is found in

A

causes 5 events:
1. stimulation of the SA node and tachycardia
2. increased speed of electrical conduction
3. increase force of systole and greater stroke volume
4. decrease in length of refractory period.

located in : cardiovascular center of medulla

107
Q

autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic causes 5 events (opposite of sympathetic) and is found in

A
  1. inhibits the stimulation of the SA node and causes bradycardia
  2. decrease speed of electrical conduction
  3. decrease force of systole and lesser stroke volume
  4. increase in length of refractory period
  5. decrease in the size of the cardiac output

found in cranial nerve 10

108
Q

fetal lungs do not

A

oxygenate fetal blood. fetal pulmonary circulation is unnecessary.

109
Q

foramen ovale becomes the

A

fossa ovalis and the limbus of the fossa ovalis at about 1 year after birth.

110
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

ductus arteriosus interconnects the pulmonary artery with the aorta, degenerates into a fibrous ligament called the ligamentum arteriosum shortly after birth.

111
Q

angina pectoris is

A

temporary chest pain or a sensation of pressure that occurs while the heart muscle is not receiving enough oxygen.

112
Q

angina pectoris is caused by

A

narrowing of arteries
decreased oxygenation to heart muscles (ischemia)
evident upon exercise and stress

113
Q

angina pectoris symptoms

A

discomfort over chest (pain/pressure)

Anatomy exam #2 (2 decks)

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