Ch 21 Assment Of Cardiovascular Function Flashcards
Acute coronary syndrome
A constellation of signs and symptoms due to the rupture of Atherosclerotic plaque and resulting partial or complete thrombosis within a diseased coronary artery
Afterload
The amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
Apical impulse
Impulse normally palpitated at the fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line; caused by contraction of the vent left ventricle(synonym point of maximal impulse)
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Secondary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrial wall near the tricuspid valve
Baroreceptors
Nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and Coronary arteries that are responsible for control of the blood pressure
Cardiac catheterization
An invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures and assess patency of the coronary arteries
Cardiac conduction system
Specialized heart cells strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for methodically generating and coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells
Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute
Cardiac stress test
A test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand; test may be initiated by exercise or medication’s
Contractility
Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
Depolarization
Electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell
Ejection fraction
Percentage of the end diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat
Hemodynamic monitoring
Do use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure cardiovascular function
Hypertension
Blood pressure that is persistently greater than 130/80 Mm Hg
Hypotension
A decrease in blood pressure to less than 90/60 mmHg that comprises systematic perfusion
Murmurs
Sound created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart
Myocardial ischemia
Condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed
Myocardium
Muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart
Normal heart sounds
Sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (atrioventricular valves) and S2 (semilunar valves)
Opening snaps
Abnormal diastolic sounds generated during opening of rigid atrioventricular valve leaflets
Orthostatic Hypotension
A significant drop in blood pressure(20 mmHg systolic or more than 10 mmHg diastolic or more) After an upright posture is assumed
Preload
Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole 
Pulmonary vascular resistance
Resistance to blood flow out of the right ventricle created by the pulmonary circulatory system
Pulse deficit
The difference between the apical and the radial pulse rates
Radioisotopes
Unstable atoms that give off small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays as they decay; used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies
Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium enter the cell wall sodium exits the cell
S1
The first heart sound produced by closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves
S2
The second heart sound produced by closure of the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves
S3
An abnormal heart sound detected early in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering either ventricle; most often due to volume overload associated with heart failure
S4
An abnormal heart sound detected late in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering either ventricle during atrial contraction; most often caused by hyper trophy of the ventricle
Sinoatrial (SA) node 
Primary pacemaker of the heart, Located in the right atrium
Stroke volume
Amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat
Summation gallop
Abnormal sound created by the presence of an S3 and S4 during periods of tachycardia
Systematic vascular resistance
Resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle created by the systematic circulatory system
Systole
Period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
Systolic click
Abnormal systolic sound created by the opening of a calcified aortic or pulmonic valve during ventricular contraction
Telemetry 
The process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by the transmission of radio waves from a battery operated transmitter worn by the patient
