ch. 21 Flashcards
organic compound
mostly C,H
line notation is used
line notation
omit symbols for C,H
each line is a bond
fill in H to give C 4 bonds
alkane properties
unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons
properties :
IMFs = LDF, BP relatively low, VP relatively high
insoluble in water
increasing MM increases BP and VP
saturated vs unsaturated hydrocarbons
saturated hydrocarbons = no multiple bonds
unsaturated hydrocarbon = has multiple bonds (double/triple)
how do we get from unsaturated to saturated hydrocarbons and vise versa
hydrogenation (add H2)
opposite = dehydrogenation
naming regular alkanes
end with “ane”
state number of carbons using the following
1 = meth
2 = eth
3 = prop
4 = but
5 = pent
naming branched alkanes
- find longest carbon chain, name using prefix and ending in “ane”
- name each branch ending in “yl” (use prefix)
- if multiple branches, use prefix 2 = di, 3 = tri, 4 = tetra
- count #Cs in chain so the branch is nearest to #1
- Write name as C# - branch name base name, “ane”
alphabetical
/ h.oii
| | srbhst .
/\/\/\/ name
|
4-ethyl-2methyloctane
I I
/\/\
|
2,4 dimethylpentane
/\/\/
I. I
2-chloro-4methylhexane
I .
/\/
.I
2,3-dimethylbutane
\/
/\/\/\
…I
3,4,4-trimethylheptane
other alkane groups
isopropyl = Y
isobutyl = Y
.. ……………. /
.. …………. R
sec-butyl = /\/
. ……………….. I
. …………………R
tert-butyl = t
………………….R
which has the lowest BP
methane
pentane
IMF, MM lower
between compounds with the same number of C. two with branching and one without, what has the highest BP
IMF and MM the same, so the one with the least amount of branching
how to name multiple bonds
DOUBLE BONDS = alkene
- end in “ene”
triple bond = alkyne
- end in “yne”
- C# is where the bond starts (lowest C#)
if multiple multiple bonds, how to name
use prefix 2 - di, 3 - tri, 4 - tetra
multiple bond must be in main chain
isomers
same # and type of atoms
geometric –> cis/trans
optical –> nonsuperimposable mirror image
naming geometric isomers
cis isomer add cis to beginning
cis-2-pentene
trans isomer add trans to beginning
trans-2-pentene
asymmetric optical isomers
when atom is bonded to 4 different groups
cyclic hydrocarbons
ring
prefix = cyclo
add cyclo to however many carbons there are
ex. cyclopentane cyclopropane cyclobutane
double bonds, if any, are in positions 1+2
aromatic compounds
contain alternating double bonds
resonance structures exist
represented by cyclo ring with circle in the middle
benzene naming
benzene has 6 sides
Cl branches are named with chloro and prefixes
three types of benzenes depending on chloro locations
chloride on benzene and how different locations change name
neighboring Cl = ortho “o”
one carbon in between (skips one corner) = meta “m”
opposite ends of ring = para “p”
tolnene
benzene with one methyl
o-xylene
one benzene with two neighboring methyl groups
functional groups
- halohydrocarbon
- alcohol
- ketone
-ester - amine
- amide
- ether
- aldehyde
- carboxylic acid
alcohol formula and properties
imfs
R-OH
contain OH
IMFs = LDF, D/D, H-bond
polar, soluble in H2O
amphoteric - can act as an acid or base
namine alcohol
like alkane
replace “e” suffix with “ol”
give smallest C# to C nearest to OH group
what to do if alcohol has more than 1 OH
keep e from alkane naming and add prefix of di, tri, etc before “ol”
ex. 2 OH = 1,2-ethanediol
alcohols
primary tertiary secindary
primary = 1 r group
secondary = 2 r groups
tertiary = 3 r groups
Ethers formula and properties
imfs
R-O-R’
small ethers = polar
IMFs: LDF, D/D
e- geometry = tetrahedral, «109.5
naming ethers IUPAC
formal name
- name longest chain like alkane
- shorter part, branch with O, end in “oxy”
- add C# for branch
name ex:
\/\o/\
= 1-ethoxypropane
common name for naming ethers
list branches A-z and add ether at the end
ex:
ethylmethylether
Aldehydes formula and properties
….O
.II
R-C-H
HC=O key feature
trigonal planar
120 degrees
small aldehydes = polar
IMFs = LDF, D/D
naming when there is more than one =O for aldehydes
add prefix before -al
naming aldehydes
name like alkane
replace e woth “al”
ex.
ethanal
ketones
..O
.II
R-C-R’
naming ketones
name like alkane
replace e with “one”
carboxylic acid
…..O
…..II
R-C-OH
RCOOH
amphoteric
IMF: LDF, D/D, Hbond
higher BP
soluble in H2O
naming carboxylic acid
name like alkane but replace e with “oic acid”
ester
.O….
II…
R-C-O-R’
RCOOR
naming ester
first count C’s in R’ –> end in yl
second count C’s in R –> end in oate
ex. R’ = 3 R = 2
propylethanoate
amine
contains N
longer chain like alkane
replace “e” with “amine”
C# where attached to N
shorter chain (A–> Z_ ending in “yl”
use N instead of # if attached to N
amine common naming
branches A–> Z
add amine at the end
condensation reaction
form small moleule
ex.. H2O or HCl
esterfication
form an ester
polymers
many units of monomers combined
- 2 units = dimer
- 3 units = trimer
homopolymer = same monomers
copolymer = different monomers
/(\/)/
addition polymerization
break multiple bond and use e- to form new single bonds
product = polymer only
how to figure out addition polymerization resulting polymer
draw monomer with multiple bond on backbone –> everytign must be either above or below carbons with multiple bonds
repeat the monomer
break multiple bond and form new single bonds
condensation polymerization
make polymer + small molcule
identify monomer, look for ester or amide bond. break apart and add H and OH to ends
