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chem 1c > ch. 21 > Flashcards

ch. 21 Flashcards

1
Q

organic compound

A

mostly C,H
line notation is used

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2
Q

line notation

A

omit symbols for C,H
each line is a bond
fill in H to give C 4 bonds

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3
Q

alkane properties

A

unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons
properties :
IMFs = LDF, BP relatively low, VP relatively high
insoluble in water
increasing MM increases BP and VP

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4
Q

saturated vs unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

saturated hydrocarbons = no multiple bonds
unsaturated hydrocarbon = has multiple bonds (double/triple)

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5
Q

how do we get from unsaturated to saturated hydrocarbons and vise versa

A

hydrogenation (add H2)
opposite = dehydrogenation

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6
Q

naming regular alkanes

A

end with “ane”
state number of carbons using the following
1 = meth
2 = eth
3 = prop
4 = but
5 = pent

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7
Q

naming branched alkanes

A
  1. find longest carbon chain, name using prefix and ending in “ane”
  2. name each branch ending in “yl” (use prefix)
  3. if multiple branches, use prefix 2 = di, 3 = tri, 4 = tetra
  4. count #Cs in chain so the branch is nearest to #1
  5. Write name as C# - branch name base name, “ane”
    alphabetical
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8
Q

/ h.oii
| | srbhst .
/\/\/\/ name

|

A

4-ethyl-2methyloctane

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9
Q

I I
/\/\

|

A

2,4 dimethylpentane

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10
Q

/\/\/
I. I

A

2-chloro-4methylhexane

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11
Q

I .
/\/
.I

A

2,3-dimethylbutane

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12
Q

\/
/\/\/\
…I

A

3,4,4-trimethylheptane

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13
Q

other alkane groups

A

isopropyl = Y
isobutyl = Y
.. ……………. /
.. …………. R
sec-butyl = /\/
. ……………….. I
. …………………R
tert-butyl = t
………………….R

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14
Q

which has the lowest BP
methane
pentane

A

IMF, MM lower

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15
Q

between compounds with the same number of C. two with branching and one without, what has the highest BP

A

IMF and MM the same, so the one with the least amount of branching

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16
Q

how to name multiple bonds

A

DOUBLE BONDS = alkene
- end in “ene”
triple bond = alkyne
- end in “yne”
- C# is where the bond starts (lowest C#)

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17
Q

if multiple multiple bonds, how to name

A

use prefix 2 - di, 3 - tri, 4 - tetra
multiple bond must be in main chain

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18
Q

isomers

A

same # and type of atoms
geometric –> cis/trans
optical –> nonsuperimposable mirror image

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19
Q

naming geometric isomers

A

cis isomer add cis to beginning
cis-2-pentene

trans isomer add trans to beginning
trans-2-pentene

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20
Q

asymmetric optical isomers

A

when atom is bonded to 4 different groups

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21
Q

cyclic hydrocarbons

A

ring
prefix = cyclo
add cyclo to however many carbons there are
ex. cyclopentane cyclopropane cyclobutane
double bonds, if any, are in positions 1+2

22
Q

aromatic compounds

A

contain alternating double bonds
resonance structures exist
represented by cyclo ring with circle in the middle

23
Q

benzene naming

A

benzene has 6 sides
Cl branches are named with chloro and prefixes
three types of benzenes depending on chloro locations

24
Q

chloride on benzene and how different locations change name

A

neighboring Cl = ortho “o”
one carbon in between (skips one corner) = meta “m”
opposite ends of ring = para “p”

25
Q

tolnene

A

benzene with one methyl

26
Q

o-xylene

A

one benzene with two neighboring methyl groups

27
Q

functional groups

A
  • halohydrocarbon
  • alcohol
  • ketone
    -ester
  • amine
  • amide
  • ether
  • aldehyde
  • carboxylic acid
28
Q

alcohol formula and properties
imfs

A

R-OH
contain OH
IMFs = LDF, D/D, H-bond
polar, soluble in H2O
amphoteric - can act as an acid or base

29
Q

namine alcohol

A

like alkane
replace “e” suffix with “ol”
give smallest C# to C nearest to OH group

30
Q

what to do if alcohol has more than 1 OH

A

keep e from alkane naming and add prefix of di, tri, etc before “ol”
ex. 2 OH = 1,2-ethanediol

31
Q

alcohols
primary tertiary secindary

A

primary = 1 r group
secondary = 2 r groups
tertiary = 3 r groups

32
Q

Ethers formula and properties
imfs

A

R-O-R’
small ethers = polar
IMFs: LDF, D/D
e- geometry = tetrahedral, «109.5

33
Q

naming ethers IUPAC

A

formal name
- name longest chain like alkane
- shorter part, branch with O, end in “oxy”
- add C# for branch

34
Q

name ex:
\/\o/\

A

= 1-ethoxypropane

35
Q

common name for naming ethers

A

list branches A-z and add ether at the end
ex:
ethylmethylether

36
Q

Aldehydes formula and properties

A

….O
.II
R-C-H
HC=O key feature
trigonal planar
120 degrees
small aldehydes = polar
IMFs = LDF, D/D

37
Q

naming when there is more than one =O for aldehydes

A

add prefix before -al

38
Q

naming aldehydes

A

name like alkane
replace e woth “al”
ex.
ethanal

39
Q

ketones

A

..O
.II
R-C-R’

40
Q

naming ketones

A

name like alkane
replace e with “one”

41
Q

carboxylic acid

A

…..O
…..II
R-C-OH
RCOOH
amphoteric
IMF: LDF, D/D, Hbond
higher BP
soluble in H2O

42
Q

naming carboxylic acid

A

name like alkane but replace e with “oic acid”

43
Q

ester

A

.O….
II…
R-C-O-R’
RCOOR

44
Q

naming ester

A

first count C’s in R’ –> end in yl
second count C’s in R –> end in oate

ex. R’ = 3 R = 2
propylethanoate

45
Q

amine

A

contains N
longer chain like alkane
replace “e” with “amine”
C# where attached to N
shorter chain (A–> Z_ ending in “yl”
use N instead of # if attached to N

46
Q

amine common naming

A

branches A–> Z
add amine at the end

47
Q

condensation reaction

A

form small moleule
ex.. H2O or HCl

48
Q

esterfication

A

form an ester

49
Q

polymers

A

many units of monomers combined
- 2 units = dimer
- 3 units = trimer
homopolymer = same monomers
copolymer = different monomers
/(\/)/

50
Q

addition polymerization

A

break multiple bond and use e- to form new single bonds
product = polymer only

51
Q

how to figure out addition polymerization resulting polymer

A

draw monomer with multiple bond on backbone –> everytign must be either above or below carbons with multiple bonds
repeat the monomer
break multiple bond and form new single bonds

52
Q

condensation polymerization

A

make polymer + small molcule
identify monomer, look for ester or amide bond. break apart and add H and OH to ends

chem 1c (6 decks)

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