Ch. 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genome

A
  • patterns exists in all organisms in that population
  • genomes exist in many different forms in individuals
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2
Q

Pangenome

A
  • longer version of genomes
  • union of all genomes in a clad
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3
Q

Minimal genome organism

A

Organism that has been created from scratch, completely synthetic
- least amount of genes possible to get to the next generation
- minimum 473 genes to successfully reproduce

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4
Q

YAC (yeast artificial chromosome)

A
  • genetic kit that you can swap things in and out of the genome
  • able to easily modify the chromosomes
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5
Q

Functional genomics

A

Characterizes what the genetic sequences do

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6
Q

Transcriptome

A

All the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome

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7
Q

Proteome

A

All the proteins encoded by the genome

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8
Q

Single celled sequences

A
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9
Q

Homologs

A

Genes that are evolutionarily related

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10
Q

Orthologs

A

Homologous genes in different species that evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor
DIFFERENT SPECIES

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11
Q

Paralogs

A

Homologous genes arising by duplication of a single gene in the same organism
SAME SPECIES

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12
Q

Gene expression and microarrays

A
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13
Q

Nucleic acid hybridization

A

Using a known DNA fragment as a probe to find a complementary sequence

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14
Q

Microarrays

A

Used to examine gene expression associated with disease progression
Each row in a microarray represents a tumor and non cancer cells from one patient

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15
Q

RNA sequencing!!

A
  • cellular RNA is isolated, converted to cDNA, sequenced, which provides info on the RNA transcripts present in the cell
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16
Q

genome-wide mutagenesis

A

Mutagenesis screen
- when coupled with positional cloning, can be used to identify genes that affect a specific characteristic of function
- THINK! Car theory
—> knowing what the function is by breaking each component

17
Q

Prokaryotic genomes

A

Genome size and number of genes
Function of genes
Horizontal gene transfer

18
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Exchanging genetic information from closely related or distantly related species over evolutionary time

19
Q

The human genome

A

3.2 billion base pairs
Only 1.5% encodes proteins

20
Q

Gene Function

A

Almost 50% of genes’ functions are UNKNOWN

21
Q

Determination of Cellular Proteins

A

2D-PAGE
Mass spectrometry

22
Q

2D-PAGE

A

Two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Separated by charge, then mass, and then they are stained so you can see them (isolating from the gel)

23
Q

Proteomics

A
24
Q

Mass spectrometry

A
  • used to identify proteins
  • molecule is ionized, mitigation rate in electrical field determined, small molecules migrate more rapidly than larger molecules, the migration rate can accurately determine the mass of the molecule
25
Q

Affinity capture

A

Antibody to a specific protein is used to capture one protein from a complex mixture of proteins
- determines sets of interacting proteins

26
Q

Chromatin amino precipitation

A

Cross link, add antibody, CHIP-SEEK

27
Q

Protein Microarrays

A

Allows us to determine sets of interacting proteins

28
Q

Structural proteomics

A

Determine the structures of all proteins

29
Q
A