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ENVS > CH. 2 Vocab > Flashcards

CH. 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Animism

A

The belief that living and nonliving objects possess a spirit or a soul

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2
Q

Preservationist

A

The opinion that parks and public lands should preserve wild nature in its pristine state for its own value.

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3
Q

Conservationist

A

The opinion that public resources should be used and managed in sustainable fashion to provide the greatest number of people.

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4
Q

Environmental ethics

A

A system of beliefs based on the moral relationship of humans to the environment and its nonhuman contents. Systems of environmental ethics vary regarding who or what has value

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5
Q

Virtue ethics

A

A system of values based on the belief that an action is right if it is motivated by virtues, such as kindness, honesty, loyalty, and justice.

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6
Q

Utilitarianism

A

An example of consequence-based of ethics that defines right actions as those that deliver the greatest good to the greatest number.

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7
Q

Consequence-based ethics

A

A system of beliefs that emphasizes the importance of outcomes. Right and wrong are defined in terms of pleasure or pain, benefit or harm, and satisfaction or dissatisfaction.

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8
Q

Duty-based ethics

A

A set of beliefs that the rightness or wrongness of actions should be determined by a set of rules or laws.

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9
Q

Intrinsic value

A

The view that a person, organism, or object is valued as an end unto itself.

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10
Q

Instrumental value

A

The view that something is valued for its usefulness in achieving another goal.

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11
Q

Anthropocentric ethics

A

The assignation of intrinsic value only to humans; it defines right actions in terms of outcomes for human beings.

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12
Q

Biocentric ethics

A

A system of values based on the belief that the value of other living things is equal to the value of humans. It extends intrinsic value to individual organisms beyond human beings; organisms do not need to benefit humans in order to have value.

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13
Q

Ecocentric ethics

A

A system of values based on the belief that collections of organisms or critical features in the environment have intrinsic value.

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14
Q

Deep ecology movement

A

The view that all elements of the environment have equal intrinsic value and deserve moral respect in their right.

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15
Q

Ecofeminism

A

The view that exploitation and abuse of both the environment and women derive from male domination.

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16
Q

Environmental justice

A

The principle that, in the management of natural resources and the environment, people should be treated fairly regardless of race, gender, or economic status

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17
Q

Economic system

A

The institutions and interactions in a society that influence the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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18
Q

Subsistence economy

A

A basic economic system in which a society meets its needs from its environment without accumulating wealth.

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19
Q

Market economies

A

The production and consumption of goods and services in markets guided by prices based on a system of currency.

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20
Q

Free market economy

A

An economy in which the government does not influence the marketplace with subsidies, taxation, or regulation.

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21
Q

Planned economy

A

An economy in which the government regulates the prices of goods and services and the level of production.

22
Q

Commodity

A

A good or service bought and sold in an economic market.

23
Q

Profit

A

The difference between the cost to produce a commodity and its price in the marketplace.

24
Q

Neoclassical economic theory

A

Determination of the price and production of goods and services through the interaction of supply and demand.

25
Q

Economic value

A

A commodity’s value determined by the price that consumers are willing to pay for it.

26
Q

Discount rate

A

The rate at which economic value declines with time.

27
Q

Opportunity cost

A

The cost of buying a thing is equal to the economic value of the best alternative use of that money.

28
Q

Externalities

A

The costs and benefits associated with the production of a commodity that affect people other than buyers and sellers

29
Q

Marginal value

A

The difference in people’s willingness to pay for one action compared to an alternative.

30
Q

Travel-cost valuation

A

A valuation method based on the amount of money that people are willing to pay for transportation and lopdging to visit a particular place.

31
Q

Hedonic valuation

A

Economic value that is determined by the difference in the market price of real estate that that is affected by different environmental alternatives.

32
Q

Contingent valuation

A

The estimates of the value of an ecosystem service gained by surveying people’s willingness to pay for that service.

33
Q

Natural capital

A

All of Earth’s resources that are necessary to produce the ecosystem services on which we depend.

34
Q

Ecological valuation

A

Determination of ecological value of the potential cost of the loss or degradation of an ecosystem service.

35
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

Determination of the total value of goods and services produced by the citizens of a country.

36
Q

Genuine progress indicator (GPI)

A

An alternative measure of national wealth using GDP plus or minus the economic value of enhancements or degradations to the environment and to human communities.

37
Q

Environmental policies

A

The decisions and actions that influence environmental conditions/processes

38
Q

Policy cycle

A

The stepwise process by which governments and communities develop and revise policies and laws.

39
Q

Regulatory mandates

A

Policies or laws that set legal standards for actions.

40
Q

Incentives

A

Policies that are implemented by encouraging action through the offering of something appealing to take that action.

41
Q

Market-based policies

A

The use of economic markets to guide environmental actions.

42
Q

Cap and trade

A

A market-based policy in which a regulatory limit, or cap, is set on an action; the rights to exceed that limit are traded in markets

43
Q

Volunteerism

A

Work performed freely on behalf of a community

44
Q

Precautionary principle

A

When there is reasonable evidence that an action or policy may place human health or the environment at risk, precautionary measures should be taken, even in the context of uncertainty

45
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

The overexploitation of common resources that occurs when individual interests prevail over the common good.

46
Q

Regulations

A

A set of specific rules that establish standards for performance, programs to ensure compliance, and protocols for enforcement

47
Q

Case law

A

The various decisions made by the individual courts collectively that establish precedents and influence future court decisions.

48
Q

Sovereignty

A

The concept that a country may behave as it pleases within its borders as long as it does not violate international laws to which it has agreed

49
Q

Customary international laws

A

Accepted norms of behavior or rules that countries follow as a matter of a long-standing precedent

50
Q

Conventional international laws

A

Laws established by formal, legally binding conventions or treaties among countries

51
Q

Judicial international law

A

Standards for the actions of countries based on the decisions of international courts and tribunals

52
Q

Multinational development banks

A

Institutions that provide financial and technical assistance to countries for economic, social, and environmental development

ENVS (3 decks)

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