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Cancer Biology > Ch. 2: The Nature of Cancer > Flashcards

Ch. 2: The Nature of Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • Normal cell gone selfish
  • Instead of performing its specific function for the good of the organism
  • It takes on new function and only cares about replicating itself, doesn’t
    care about the organism fitness anymore
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2
Q

Hallmarks of cancer

A
  • evading apoptosis
  • self-sufficiency in growth signals
  • insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • limitless replicative potential
  • tissue invasion and metastasis
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3
Q

Where do cancers form?

A
  1. normal tissue
  2. Specialized cell types
  3. Progressively
  4. Monoclonal
  5. Mutagenesis
  6. Lifestyle/etiology
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4
Q

Histology

A

analysis of tissue sections

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5
Q

Sections

A

thin slices of tissue

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6
Q

What are tumors composed of?

A

masses of cells

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7
Q

What are tumors derived from?

A

normal tissue

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8
Q

Where are tumors found?

A

some are found in distant sites of the body

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9
Q

Primary tumor

A

The founding place
where a cancer first forms (benign-tumors that grow locally

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10
Q

Metastases

A

New tumors that form
after cancer cells have moved away from the primary tumor. (malignant-
tumors that invade nearby tissues and make new tumors)

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11
Q

Where do most cancers arise?

A

80% from epithelial cells

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12
Q

Carcinomas

A

tumors that arise from epithelial cells

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13
Q

Epithelia

A

sheets of cells that line the walls of cavities
and channels in the body. (Or the entire body- skin.)
(Examples: Gastro-intestinal tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, Skin, Mammary gland, Pancreas, Lung, Liver, Ovary)

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14
Q

What are epithelia composed of?

A

similar cells, tightly packed together that form a layer

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15
Q

Basement membranes

A

Thin layer of proteins and sugars. Lie beneath epithelium. Separate epithelium from stroma.

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16
Q

Lumen

A

The cavity that a layer of epithelial cells lines

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17
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas

A

tumors that arise from
squamous shaped epithelia.
They typically seal cavities they line and protect underlying cell populations.
(Ex: cervix, skin, esophagus)

18
Q

Adenocarcinomas

A

tumors that arise from
epithelia in an organ or gland. They typically secrete
substances into the cavities
that they line. (Ex: breast cancer, mucus secreting cells in stomach and adenocarcinomas in stomach)

19
Q

Non-epithelial cancers

A
  • sarcomas
  • hematopoietic malignancies
  • neuroectodermal
20
Q

sarcomas

A

Derived from connective tissues.
- Mesenchymal cells.
- Fibroblasts- secrete collagen.
- Adipocytes- fat storing.
- Osteoblasts- form bone.
- Myocytes- form muscle.

21
Q

Hematopoietic malignancies-

A

Derived from blood-forming
tissues, including cells of the
immune system.
ex: Leukemia- malignancy of several unpigmented blood cell lineages moving through the circulation.
ex: acute myelogenous leukemia

22
Q

Neuroectodermal

A

Derived from central and
peripheral nervous systems.
ex: Gliomas, glioblastomas,
neuroblastomas, schwannomas,
medulloblastomas.
glioblastoma
multiforme

23
Q

melanomas (what are they, derived from, and origin)

A

Melanocytes
(arrows) form
melanin pigment
granules extend thin
processes and
deposit granules in
the cytoplasm of
keratinocytes.

Derived from pigmented cells of
skin and retina.

Developmental origin- neural, end
up migrating and living in skin and
eyes

24
Q

Teratomas (derived from, what do they do)

A

Derived from germ cells-
precursors to eggs and sperm
Failed to migrate during
development.

Retain ability to make all cell
types.

Tumors can differentiate into
recognizable structures (teeth,
hair, bones).

25
Q

3 germ layer (outside to inside)

A

ectoderm -> mesoderm -> endoderm

26
Q

What cancers do ectoderms form?

A

neuroectodermal

27
Q

What cancers do mesoderms form?

A

hematopoietic malignancies

28
Q

What layers do Carcinomas form from?

A

Arise from all germ layers

29
Q

How cancers form progressively (steps)

A

A spectrum of tissue morphologies exist between normal and highly malignant
* Suggests, cancers develop in a multi-step process
1. normal
2. hyperplasia
3. dysplasia
4. in-situ cancer
5. metastatic

30
Q

Monoclonal

A

Arise from a single cells
(most tumors are monoclonal)

31
Q

Carcinogenic

A

Substances that cause cancer
(Many carcinogenic compounds are also mutagens)

32
Q

Mutagens

A

substances that cause mutations in genes
(Many carcinogenic compounds are also mutagens)

33
Q

Cancer is generally a ___ of mutant genes

A

disease

34
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in specified populations

35
Q

What is more important to cancer risk: your country of origin or your lifestyle?

A

your lifestyle

36
Q

What type of cancer occurs most frequently in males?

A

prostate

37
Q

What type of cancer occurs most frequently in females?

A

breast

38
Q

What type of cancer causes the most deaths in males?

A

lung and bronchus

39
Q

What type of cancer causes the most deaths in females?

A

lung and bronchus

40
Q

Why is there a difference between genders and their cancer risks?

A

likely due to differences in biology, lifestyle, and culture

Cancer Biology (16 decks)

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