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RADT 152 Radiographic Procedures > Ch 2 Terms > Flashcards

Ch 2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Term applied to the science of the structure of the body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the body organs

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3
Q

Osteology

A

The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body

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4
Q

Body Planes

A

Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position

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5
Q

List of Fundamental planes

A

Sagittal, coronal, horizontal, oblique

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6
Q

Sagittal planes

A

Pass thru vertically from front to back, divide the body into right and left segments

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7
Q

Midsagittal plane (MSP)

A

Specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divide the body into equal right and left halves

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8
Q

Coronal planes

A

Pass through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts

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9
Q

Midcoronal plane (MCP)

A

Also called midaxillary plane, specific plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves

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10
Q

Horizontal planes

A

Pass crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis, divides body into superior and inferior portions, also called transverse, axial, or cross-sectional planes

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11
Q

Oblique planes

A

Pass through a body part at a 45 degree angle

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12
Q

Interiliac plane

A

Special body plane, transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests

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13
Q

Occlusal plane

A

Special body plane, formed by biting the surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

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14
Q

Two great body cavities

A

Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

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15
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Contains lungs, pleural membrane, trachea, esophagus, heart and great vessels

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16
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, major blood vessels

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17
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Contains rectum, urinary bladder, part of the reproductive system

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18
Q

Abdomen is bordered superiorly by the

A

Diaphragm

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19
Q

Abdomen is bordered inferiority by

A

Superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)

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20
Q

Abdomen divided in two methods

A

Quadrants and regions

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21
Q

Four quadrants of the abdomen

A

Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant

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22
Q

Body habitus

A

The common variations in the shape of the human body

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23
Q

Why is body habitus important in radiography?

A

Habitus determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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24
Q

Organs affected by body habitus

A

Heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, gallbladder

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25
Q

Four major types of body habitus

A

Sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic, hypersthenic (Box 3-1 in text)

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26
Q

Functions of bones

A

Muscle attachments, mechanical base for movement, protection of organs, support frame for body, storage for calcium and other salts, production of red and white blood cells

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27
Q

Number of bones in the body

A

206

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28
Q

Number of bones in axial skeleton

A

80

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29
Q

Number of bones in appendicular skeleton

A

126

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30
Q

Function of the axial skeleton

A

Supports and protects the head and trunk

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31
Q

Function of the appendicular skeleton

A

Provides the means for movement

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32
Q

Function of red marrow in bones

A

Produces red and white blood cells

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33
Q

Function of yellow marrow in bones

A

Stores fat cells

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34
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Central cavity of long bones, contained trabeculae filled with yellow marrow, red marrow found in ends of long bones

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35
Q

Spongy bone

A

Inner, less dense layer, contained a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)

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36
Q

Compact bone

A

Strong, dense outer layer

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37
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends

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38
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines marrow cavity

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39
Q

Ossification

A

Term that apples to the development and formation of bones

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40
Q

When does ossification begin?

A

The second month of embryonic life

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41
Q

Flat bones are formed by

A

Intramembranous ossification

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42
Q

Short, irregular, and long bones are created by

A

Endochondral ossification

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43
Q

Endochondral ossification occurs from which two distinct centers of development

A

Primary and secondary

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44
Q

Primary ossification begins when?

A

Before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones

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45
Q

Secondary ossification begins when?

A

After birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones called epiphyses

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46
Q

Classification of bones by shape

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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47
Q

Long bones

A

Consist of body and two enlarged articular ends (femur and humerus)

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48
Q

Short bones

A

Consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone (carpal bones of wrist and tarsal bones of ankles)

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49
Q

Flat bones

A

Consist of two plates of compact bones (sternum and cranium)

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50
Q

Irregular bones

A

Peculiarly shaped (vertebrae and facial bones)

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51
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small and oval, develop inside and beside tendons, protect tendon from excessive wear (patella is largest)

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52
Q

Arthrology

A

Study of joints, or articulations between bones (either functional or structural)

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53
Q

Functional classification based on mobility

A

Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly moveable), diarthroses (freely movable)

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54
Q

Three groups of structural classification based on connective tissue

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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55
Q

Fibrous joints

A

No joint cavity, United by fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments, strongest joints in the body (syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis)

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56
Q

Syndesmosis fibrous joint

A

Immovable or very slightly movable, United by fibrous sheets (inferior tibiofibular joint)

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57
Q

Suture fibrous joint

A

Immovable joint only in the skull

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58
Q

Gomphosis

A

Immovable joint only in roots of teeth

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59
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

No joint cavity, virtually immovable, two types are symphysis and synchondrosis

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60
Q

Symphysis cartilaginous joints

A

Slightly movable joint, separated by a pad of fibrocartilage, designed for strength and shock absorbency (pubic symphysis)

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61
Q

Synchondrosis cartilaginous joints

A

Immovable joint, United by rigid cartilage (epiphyseal plate)

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62
Q

Synovial joints

A

Permit wide range of motion, freely movable, complex joints enclosed by articular capsule

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63
Q

Accessory soft tissues of synovial joints

A

Meniscus and bursae

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64
Q

Six types of synovial joints

A

Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball and socket

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65
Q

Gliding joint

A

Simplest synovial joint (intercarpal and intertarsal joints)

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66
Q

Hinge joint

A

Permits flexion and extension only (elbow and knee)

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67
Q

Pivot joint

A

Allows rotation around a single axis ( atlantoaxial joint C1-C2 )

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68
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A

Allows flexion, extension, abducation, adduction, and circumduction (radiocarpal or wrist joint)

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69
Q

Saddle joint

A

Movement similar to wrist joint(ellipsoid), difference is in the shape of the articular surfaces (carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb)

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70
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Permits widest range of motion (hip and shoulder)

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71
Q

Processes or projections

A

Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone

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72
Q

Depressions

A

Hollow or depressed areas in bone

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73
Q

Fractures

A

A break in a bone

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74
Q

Condyle process

A

Rounded process at an articulate end

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75
Q

Coracoid or coronoid process

A

Beak like or crownlike process

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76
Q

Crest process

A

Ridgelike process

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77
Q

Epicondyle process

A

Projection above a condyle

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78
Q

Facet process

A

Small smooth surfaces articular process

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79
Q

Hamulus process

A

Hook shaped process

80
Q

Head process

A

Expanded end of a long bone

81
Q

Horn process

A

Hornlike process

82
Q

Line process

A

Linear elevation, not as prominent as a crest

83
Q

Malleolus process

A

Club shaped process

84
Q

Protuberance

A

Projecting prominence

85
Q

Spine process

A

Sharp process

86
Q

Styloid process

A

Long pointed process

87
Q

Trochanter process

A

Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur

88
Q

Tubercle process

A

Small, rounded, and elevated process

89
Q

Tuberosity process

A

Large, rounded, and elevated process

90
Q

Fissure depression

A

Cleft or deep groove

91
Q

Foramen depression

A

Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves

92
Q

Fossa depression

A

Pit, fovea, or hollow space

93
Q

Groove depression

A

Shallow linear channel

94
Q

Meatus depression

A

Tubelike passageway

95
Q

Notch depression

A

Indentation in the border of a bone

96
Q

Sinus depression

A

Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space

97
Q

Sulcus depression

A

Furrow or trench

98
Q

4 types of fractures

A

Closed, open, nondisplaced, displaced

99
Q

Common classifications of fractures (many fall into more than 1 category)

A

Compression, compound, comminuted, green stick, impacted, transverse, spiral, oblique, simple

100
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Forward or front part of the body or of a part

101
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Back part of body or part

102
Q

Caudad

A

Parts away from the head of the body

103
Q

Cephalad or cephalic

A

Parts toward the head

104
Q

Superior

A

Nearer the head or situated above

105
Q

Inferior

A

Nearer the feet or situated below

106
Q

Central

A

Mid area or main part of an organ

107
Q

Peripheral

A

At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

108
Q

Medial

A

Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part

109
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part

110
Q

Superficial

A

Near the skin or surface

111
Q

Deep

A

Far from the surface

112
Q

Distal

A

Farthest from the point of attachment or origin

113
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the point of attachment or origin

114
Q

External

A

Outside the body or part

115
Q

Internal

A

Inside the body or part

116
Q

Parietal

A

The wall or lining of a body cavity

117
Q

Visceral

A

The covering of an organ

118
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Parts on the same side of the body

119
Q

Contralateral

A

Parts on the opposite side of the body

120
Q

Palmar

A

Palm of the hand

121
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of the foot

122
Q

Dorsum

A

Upper surface of a part, top of the foot or the back of the hand

123
Q

CR meaning

A

Central ray

124
Q

Projection

A

The path of the central ray as it exits the X-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IR

125
Q

Position

A

Overall posture of the patient or general body position, also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table, IR, or wall bucky

126
Q

View

A

Used to describe the body part as seen by the IR, exact opposite of projection

127
Q

Method

A

Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual

128
Q

AP projection

A

Central ray (CR) enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior

129
Q

PA projection

A

Central Ray or CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior

130
Q

Axial Projection

A

Longitudinal angle of the Central Ray of 10 degrees or more

131
Q

Tangential Projection

A

Central ray directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface

132
Q

Lateral Projection

A

Central ray (CR) enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane

133
Q

Oblique Projection

A

Central Ray enters from side angle, must still specify entrance and exit surfaces (AP oblique, PA oblique)

134
Q

Upright body position

A

Erect or vertical

135
Q

Seated body position

A

Upright, but sitting on a stool

136
Q

Recumbent body position

A

Lying down in any position

137
Q

Supine position

A

Lying on the back

138
Q

Prone position

A

Lying face down

139
Q

Trendelenburg position

A

Supine (lying on back) with the head lower than the feet

140
Q

Fowler position

A

Supine (lying on back) with the head elevated

141
Q

Sims’ position

A

Recumbent (lying down) with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed

142
Q

Lithotomy position

A

Supine (lying on back) with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports

143
Q

Lateral position

A

Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR

144
Q

Oblique position

A

Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR, angle of rotation specific for anatomy of interest

145
Q

Decubitus position

A

Recumbent (lying down) position with a horizontal Central Ray, named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying

146
Q

Lordotic position

A

Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward

147
Q

Abduct or abduction

A

Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body

148
Q

Adduct or adduction

A

Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body

149
Q

Extension

A

Straightening of a joint

150
Q

Flexion

A

Bending of a joint

151
Q

Hyperextension

A

Forced or excessive extension

152
Q

Hyperflexion

A

Forced overflexion

153
Q

Evert/eversion

A

Outward turning of the foot at the ankle

154
Q

Invert/inversion

A

Inward turning of the foot at the ankle

155
Q

Pronate/pronation

A

Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down

156
Q

Supinate/supination

A

Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up

157
Q

Rotate/rotation

A

Turning of the body part around its axis, rotation of a limb is either medial (towards midline) or lateral (away from midline)

158
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement of a limb

159
Q

Tilt

A

Tipping or slanting a body part slightly

160
Q

Deviation

A

To turn outwardly without rotating (hand on table, spin)

161
Q

3 upper regions of the abdomen

A

right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium

162
Q

3 middle regions of the abdomen

A

right lateral, umbilical, left lateral

163
Q

lower 3 regions of the abdomen

A

right ingunial, hypogastrium, left inguinal

164
Q

C1 landmark

A

Mastoid tip (by ear)

165
Q

C2, C3 landmark

A

Gonion (jawline)

166
Q

C3, C4 landmark

A

Hyoid Bone (upper neck)

167
Q

C5 landmark

A

thyroid cartilage

168
Q

C7, T1 landmark

A

vertebra prominens (neck bone)

169
Q

T1 landmark

A

2 inches above level of jugular notch

170
Q

T2, T3 landmark

A

level of jugular notch

171
Q

T4, T5 landmark

A

Level of sternal angle

172
Q

T7 landmark

A

Level of inferior angles of scapulae

173
Q

T9, T10 landmark

A

level of xiphoid process (bottom of sternum)

174
Q

L2, L3 landmark

A

inferior costal margin (above iliac crest)

175
Q

L4, L5 landmarks

A

Level of superiormost aspect of iliac crests

176
Q

S1, S2 landmarks

A

Level of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

177
Q

Coccyx landmark

A

Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters (lower pelvis)

178
Q

Percentage of people with Sthenic body habitus

A

50%

179
Q

Percentage of people with Hyposthenic body habitus

A

35%

180
Q

Percentage of people with asthenic body habitus

A

10%

181
Q

Percentage of people with hypersthenic body habitus

A

5%

182
Q

Projection

A

direction of the beam

183
Q

Decubitus

A

horizontal beam

184
Q

Tangential

A

Positioning the beam to skim the outer edge of a body part (sunrise patella)

185
Q

Fowlers

A

head above feet

186
Q

Trandellenburg

A

feet above head

187
Q

abduct

A

to move body part away from body

188
Q

adduct

A

to move towards the body

189
Q

eversion or evert

A

turn body part outwards

190
Q

inversion

A

turn body part inwards

191
Q

pronate

A

anterior on surface

192
Q

supinate

A

posterior on surface

193
Q

deviate

A

turn outwards or inwards while flat on surface, do not roll

194
Q

dorsiflex

A

bring toes of foot towards head

195
Q

planarflexion

A

point toews as far out as possible (gas pedal down)

RADT 152 Radiographic Procedures (4 decks)

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