Ch 2 Terms Flashcards
Anatomy
Term applied to the science of the structure of the body
Physiology
The study of the function of the body organs
Osteology
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
Body Planes
Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position
List of Fundamental planes
Sagittal, coronal, horizontal, oblique
Sagittal planes
Pass thru vertically from front to back, divide the body into right and left segments
Midsagittal plane (MSP)
Specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divide the body into equal right and left halves
Coronal planes
Pass through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
Midcoronal plane (MCP)
Also called midaxillary plane, specific plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Horizontal planes
Pass crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis, divides body into superior and inferior portions, also called transverse, axial, or cross-sectional planes
Oblique planes
Pass through a body part at a 45 degree angle
Interiliac plane
Special body plane, transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests
Occlusal plane
Special body plane, formed by biting the surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Two great body cavities
Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Contains lungs, pleural membrane, trachea, esophagus, heart and great vessels
Abdominal cavity
Contains liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, major blood vessels
Pelvic cavity
Contains rectum, urinary bladder, part of the reproductive system
Abdomen is bordered superiorly by the
Diaphragm
Abdomen is bordered inferiority by
Superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
Abdomen divided in two methods
Quadrants and regions
Four quadrants of the abdomen
Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant
Body habitus
The common variations in the shape of the human body
Why is body habitus important in radiography?
Habitus determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Organs affected by body habitus
Heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, gallbladder
Four major types of body habitus
Sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic, hypersthenic (Box 3-1 in text)
Functions of bones
Muscle attachments, mechanical base for movement, protection of organs, support frame for body, storage for calcium and other salts, production of red and white blood cells
Number of bones in the body
206
Number of bones in axial skeleton
80
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
Function of the axial skeleton
Supports and protects the head and trunk
Function of the appendicular skeleton
Provides the means for movement
Function of red marrow in bones
Produces red and white blood cells
Function of yellow marrow in bones
Stores fat cells
Medullary cavity
Central cavity of long bones, contained trabeculae filled with yellow marrow, red marrow found in ends of long bones
Spongy bone
Inner, less dense layer, contained a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)
Compact bone
Strong, dense outer layer
Periosteum
Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends
Endosteum
Lines marrow cavity
Ossification
Term that apples to the development and formation of bones
When does ossification begin?
The second month of embryonic life
Flat bones are formed by
Intramembranous ossification
Short, irregular, and long bones are created by
Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification occurs from which two distinct centers of development
Primary and secondary
Primary ossification begins when?
Before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
Secondary ossification begins when?
After birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones called epiphyses
Classification of bones by shape
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Long bones
Consist of body and two enlarged articular ends (femur and humerus)
Short bones
Consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone (carpal bones of wrist and tarsal bones of ankles)
Flat bones
Consist of two plates of compact bones (sternum and cranium)
Irregular bones
Peculiarly shaped (vertebrae and facial bones)
Sesamoid bones
Small and oval, develop inside and beside tendons, protect tendon from excessive wear (patella is largest)
Arthrology
Study of joints, or articulations between bones (either functional or structural)
Functional classification based on mobility
Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly moveable), diarthroses (freely movable)
Three groups of structural classification based on connective tissue
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Fibrous joints
No joint cavity, United by fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments, strongest joints in the body (syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis)
Syndesmosis fibrous joint
Immovable or very slightly movable, United by fibrous sheets (inferior tibiofibular joint)
Suture fibrous joint
Immovable joint only in the skull
Gomphosis
Immovable joint only in roots of teeth
Cartilaginous joints
No joint cavity, virtually immovable, two types are symphysis and synchondrosis
Symphysis cartilaginous joints
Slightly movable joint, separated by a pad of fibrocartilage, designed for strength and shock absorbency (pubic symphysis)
Synchondrosis cartilaginous joints
Immovable joint, United by rigid cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
Synovial joints
Permit wide range of motion, freely movable, complex joints enclosed by articular capsule
Accessory soft tissues of synovial joints
Meniscus and bursae
Six types of synovial joints
Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball and socket
Gliding joint
Simplest synovial joint (intercarpal and intertarsal joints)
Hinge joint
Permits flexion and extension only (elbow and knee)
Pivot joint
Allows rotation around a single axis ( atlantoaxial joint C1-C2 )
Ellipsoid joint
Allows flexion, extension, abducation, adduction, and circumduction (radiocarpal or wrist joint)
Saddle joint
Movement similar to wrist joint(ellipsoid), difference is in the shape of the articular surfaces (carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb)
Ball and socket joint
Permits widest range of motion (hip and shoulder)
Processes or projections
Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
Depressions
Hollow or depressed areas in bone
Fractures
A break in a bone
Condyle process
Rounded process at an articulate end
Coracoid or coronoid process
Beak like or crownlike process
Crest process
Ridgelike process
Epicondyle process
Projection above a condyle
Facet process
Small smooth surfaces articular process
Hamulus process
Hook shaped process
Head process
Expanded end of a long bone
Horn process
Hornlike process
Line process
Linear elevation, not as prominent as a crest
Malleolus process
Club shaped process
Protuberance
Projecting prominence
Spine process
Sharp process
Styloid process
Long pointed process
Trochanter process
Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
Tubercle process
Small, rounded, and elevated process
Tuberosity process
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Fissure depression
Cleft or deep groove
Foramen depression
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
Fossa depression
Pit, fovea, or hollow space
Groove depression
Shallow linear channel
Meatus depression
Tubelike passageway
Notch depression
Indentation in the border of a bone
Sinus depression
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space
Sulcus depression
Furrow or trench
4 types of fractures
Closed, open, nondisplaced, displaced
Common classifications of fractures (many fall into more than 1 category)
Compression, compound, comminuted, green stick, impacted, transverse, spiral, oblique, simple
Anterior (ventral)
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
Posterior (dorsal)
Back part of body or part
Caudad
Parts away from the head of the body
Cephalad or cephalic
Parts toward the head
Superior
Nearer the head or situated above
Inferior
Nearer the feet or situated below
Central
Mid area or main part of an organ
Peripheral
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Medial
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
Lateral
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
Superficial
Near the skin or surface
Deep
Far from the surface
Distal
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
Proximal
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
External
Outside the body or part
Internal
Inside the body or part
Parietal
The wall or lining of a body cavity
Visceral
The covering of an organ
Ipsilateral
Parts on the same side of the body
Contralateral
Parts on the opposite side of the body
Palmar
Palm of the hand
Plantar
Sole of the foot
Dorsum
Upper surface of a part, top of the foot or the back of the hand
CR meaning
Central ray
Projection
The path of the central ray as it exits the X-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IR
Position
Overall posture of the patient or general body position, also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table, IR, or wall bucky
View
Used to describe the body part as seen by the IR, exact opposite of projection
Method
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
AP projection
Central ray (CR) enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
PA projection
Central Ray or CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
Axial Projection
Longitudinal angle of the Central Ray of 10 degrees or more
Tangential Projection
Central ray directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
Lateral Projection
Central ray (CR) enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane
Oblique Projection
Central Ray enters from side angle, must still specify entrance and exit surfaces (AP oblique, PA oblique)
Upright body position
Erect or vertical
Seated body position
Upright, but sitting on a stool
Recumbent body position
Lying down in any position
Supine position
Lying on the back
Prone position
Lying face down
Trendelenburg position
Supine (lying on back) with the head lower than the feet
Fowler position
Supine (lying on back) with the head elevated
Sims’ position
Recumbent (lying down) with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Lithotomy position
Supine (lying on back) with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Lateral position
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR
Oblique position
Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR, angle of rotation specific for anatomy of interest
Decubitus position
Recumbent (lying down) position with a horizontal Central Ray, named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
Lordotic position
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward
Abduct or abduction
Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body
Adduct or adduction
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
Extension
Straightening of a joint
Flexion
Bending of a joint
Hyperextension
Forced or excessive extension
Hyperflexion
Forced overflexion
Evert/eversion
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
Invert/inversion
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle
Pronate/pronation
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
Supinate/supination
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up
Rotate/rotation
Turning of the body part around its axis, rotation of a limb is either medial (towards midline) or lateral (away from midline)
Circumduction
Circular movement of a limb
Tilt
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Deviation
To turn outwardly without rotating (hand on table, spin)
3 upper regions of the abdomen
right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium
3 middle regions of the abdomen
right lateral, umbilical, left lateral
lower 3 regions of the abdomen
right ingunial, hypogastrium, left inguinal
C1 landmark
Mastoid tip (by ear)
C2, C3 landmark
Gonion (jawline)
C3, C4 landmark
Hyoid Bone (upper neck)
C5 landmark
thyroid cartilage
C7, T1 landmark
vertebra prominens (neck bone)
T1 landmark
2 inches above level of jugular notch
T2, T3 landmark
level of jugular notch
T4, T5 landmark
Level of sternal angle
T7 landmark
Level of inferior angles of scapulae
T9, T10 landmark
level of xiphoid process (bottom of sternum)
L2, L3 landmark
inferior costal margin (above iliac crest)
L4, L5 landmarks
Level of superiormost aspect of iliac crests
S1, S2 landmarks
Level of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Coccyx landmark
Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters (lower pelvis)
Percentage of people with Sthenic body habitus
50%
Percentage of people with Hyposthenic body habitus
35%
Percentage of people with asthenic body habitus
10%
Percentage of people with hypersthenic body habitus
5%
Projection
direction of the beam
Decubitus
horizontal beam
Tangential
Positioning the beam to skim the outer edge of a body part (sunrise patella)
Fowlers
head above feet
Trandellenburg
feet above head
abduct
to move body part away from body
adduct
to move towards the body
eversion or evert
turn body part outwards
inversion
turn body part inwards
pronate
anterior on surface
supinate
posterior on surface
deviate
turn outwards or inwards while flat on surface, do not roll
dorsiflex
bring toes of foot towards head
planarflexion
point toews as far out as possible (gas pedal down)
