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Psychology 1001 > Ch 2: Research Methods > Flashcards

Ch 2: Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

System 1 (Intuitive) Thinking

A

Tends to be rapid and to rely on gut hunches

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2
Q

System 2 (Analytical) Thinking

A

Tends to be slow and to rely on a thoughtful examination of issues

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3
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Involves recording behaviours in real-world settings but is often not carefully controlled

Doesn’t allow for causation

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4
Q

Case Studies

A

Involve examining one or a few individuals over long periods of time; useful in generating hypotheses but are typically limited in testing them rigorously

Doesn’t allow for causation

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5
Q

Self-Report Measures and Surveys

A

Ask people about themselves; can provide a wealth of useful information, but have certain disadvantages

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6
Q

Correlational Designs

A

Allow for us to establish the relations among two or more measures but do not allow for causal conclusions

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7
Q

Illusionary Correlation

A

Occurs when we mistakingly perceive a statistical association in its absence; correlational designs help to compensate for this error

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8
Q

The Three Measures of Central Tendency

A

Mean, median, and mode

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9
Q

The Two Measures of Variability

A

Range and standard deviation

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10
Q

Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

Moniz

Surgical procedure that severs fibres connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus

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11
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of the world

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12
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

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13
Q

Internal Validity

A

The extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

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14
Q

Existence Proof

A

A demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur

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15
Q

Experimental Designs

A

Involve random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable

Allow for causation

Placebo effects and experimenter expectancy are issues

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16
Q

Random Selection

A

A procedure that ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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17
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

The extent to which different people who conduct an interview, or who make behavioural observations, agree on the characteristics they’re measuring

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18
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement

19
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a measure assesses what it purports (claims) to measure

20
Q

Response Sets

A

Tendencies to distort their answers to questions, often in a way that paints them in a positive light

21
Q

Malingering

A

The tendency to make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed with the aim of achieving a clear-cut personal goal

22
Q

Halo Effect

A

The tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to “spill over” to influence the ratings of other positive characteristics

23
Q

Horns Effect

A

The ratings of one negative trait spill over to influence the ratings of other negative traits

24
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

25
Q

Nocebo Effect

A

Harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm

26
Q

Single Blind Study

A

When only one of the party’s involved in a study are unaware of whether they are in the control or experimental group

27
Q

Double Blind Study

A

When neither researchers nor participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or control group

28
Q

Within-Subject Design

A

In an experiment, each participant acts as his or her own control

29
Q

Random Selection vs Random Assignment

A

Random selection deals with how we initially choose our participants, whereas random assignment deals with how we assign our participants after we’ve already chosen them

30
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable that an experimenter manipulates

31
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect

32
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Any variable that differs between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable

33
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effect (Rosenthal Effect)

A

Phenomenon in which researchers’ hypotheses lead to them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study

34
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypothesis

35
Q

Informed Consent

A

Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

36
Q

Research Ethics Board (REB)/Tri-Council Policy Statement

A

Reviews all research carefully with an eye toward protecting participants against abuses

37
Q

Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)

A

Research involving animals must first be reviewed by such committees

38
Q

Base Rate

A

How common a characteristic or behaviour is in the general population

39
Q

Peer Review

A

Articles submitted to outside reviewers who are experts in the field who screen the articles and check for quality control

40
Q

Sharpening

A

The tendency to exaggerate the gist, or central message, of a study

41
Q

Levelling

A

The tendency to minimize the less central details of a study

42
Q

Pseudosymmetry

A

The appearance of a scientific controversy where none exists

43
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

The consistency of a measurement process over time

44
Q

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

A

Precognition: Acquiring knowledge of future events before they occur through paranormal means

Telepathy: Reading other people’s minds

Clairvoyance: Detecting the presence of objects or people who are hidden from view

Psychology 1001 (3 decks)

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