Ch. 2 quiz

Question 1

Atoms

Answer 1

Make up elements. Where electrons are constantly moving around the nucleus (in electron orbitals).

Has an equal # of Protons and Electrons. Has no charge (balanced out).

Nucleus is made up of Protons and Neutrons

Electrons are most reactive and do the work of the atom because they are on the outside
N+ P = Atomic mass
Electrons make the atomic #

Question 2

Isotopes

Answer 2

Differ in the number of protons (Carbon - 14, Carbon - 12)

Question 3

Structure equals function…
Functional group

Answer 3

Accessory groups of molecules that change structure and functions. Extra molecules that change the structure and function of normal molecules.

Question 4

Chemical bonding…

Answer 4

ALL LIFE is chemical reactions (metabolism)
Based on electron stability in outer orbitals

Question 5

Ionic bond (like)

Answer 5

Weak bonds of attraction between ions. Hydration Bonds.

Oxidation/ reduction reactions:

• lOser : oxidized +
• Gainer: reduced -
  Together - ReDox RXN’s

Question 6

Covalent bonds (love)

Answer 6

Strong bonds of shared electrons

Question 7

Chemical bonds vs Energy…

Answer 7

Creating bonds STORES energy (potential energy)
Ender = into
Endergonic Reaction. Ex: Photosynthesis.

Breaking bonds RELEASE energy (kinetic energy)
Exer = out of
Exergonic Reaction. Ex: Cellular respiration

More bonds = more energy ATP

Question 8

Water - A polar molecule

Answer 8

Electromagnetic - attracts electrons
- Polar - unequal distribution of charges
- 85% of our body
- Evaporative cooling
Takes a LOT of energy to pull water molecules away
- High specific heat
Holds heat for a long time, releases it slowly

Question 8

Carbon

Answer 8

Carbon is the basis of life. Loves to bond covalently.

Question 9

All the water in the world

Answer 9

Most of the world is salt water
Fresh water: 70% icebound, 1% usable (potable).

Question 10

How water works is a function of its bonding properties

Answer 10

Polarity -
Water bonds with itself and other charges surfaces/particles

Hydrogen bonds -
Cohesion
Adhesion
Capillary action
Surface tension

Question 11

Water - Universal Solvent (has the ability to dissolve)

Answer 11

Hydrolysis (water, breaks) Reaction -
Water in to BREAK bonds
Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation Reaction - Remove water to FORM bonds

Question 12

Hydration shells (Shell or “surround” oh H2O)

Answer 12

Solute + solvent = solutions
Solubility = dissolvability

Question 13

pH scale (% of hydrogen ions)

Answer 13

Water dissociates (fall apart) to form H+ and OH - ions
H2O is H+ OH-
Water is neutral
Acids and bases are formed by how substances dissolve in water and the # of H+ ions.
Buffers help MODERATE changes in pH
Acidic: 0 - 6
Basic: 8 - 14