Ch 2 - Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

Movement of drug through the body and how the body affects the drug

Answer 1

Pharmacokinetics

Question 2

How the drug affects the body; how the drug initiates its therapeutic or toxic effect at the cellular or systemic level

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamics

Question 3

Drug administration, absorption, distribution, and elimination

Answer 3

Pharmacokinetics

Question 4

Range of drug concentration in the blood that yields a sufficient therapeutic response without toxic reactions. Varies between individuals.

Answer 4

Therapeutic Window

Question 5

Following administration by oral, sublingual or rectal routes

Answer 5

Enteral absorption

Question 6

Following administration by inhalation, IV, IM, Subq, topical or transdermal route

Answer 6

Parenteral absorption

Question 7

Fraction of drug that reaches systemic circulation.

IV drugs = 100%

Answer 7

Bioavailability

Question 8

Presence or absence of food in stomach
Blood flow to area or absorption
Dosage form of drug
GI motility

Answer 8

Factors affecting Absorption

Question 9

Molecules move from one side of a barrier to another without expending energy

Answer 9

Passive diffusion

Question 10

Membrane proteins act as carrier molecules to transport substances across all membranes

Answer 10

Active transport

Question 11

Blood flow to an area
Lipid or water solubility
Protein binding
Obesity (lipid soluble drugs)

Answer 11

Factors affecting Distribution

Question 12

Drug is available to exert its effect

Answer 12

Free/Unbound Drug

Question 13

Drug is inactive; cannot leave bloodstream

Answer 13

Protein Bound Drug

Question 14

Theoretical parameter calculated by determining amount of drug in the body (dose administered) divided by the concentration of drug in the plasma

Answer 14

Apparent Volume of Distribution

Question 15

Metabolism and Excretion

Answer 15

Methods of Elimination

Question 16

Liver, kidneys, GI tract

Answer 16

Sites of Metabolism

Question 17

Kidneys, lower GI tract, lungs, skin

Answer 17

Sites of Excretion

Question 18

Change to water soluble form by enzymes

Answer 18

Biotransformation

Question 19

Drug may be excreted in bile and then reabsorbed in lower GI tract

Answer 19

Enterohepatic Recirculation

Question 20

Time required for half of drug to be eliminated

Answer 20

Half-life

Question 21

Equilibrium between rates of absorption and elimination

Answer 21

Steady state

Question 22

Removal of drug from plasma or organ

Answer 22

Clearance

Question 23

Rate of elimination is constant but amount of drug eliminated is proportional to concentration

Answer 23

First-order kinetics

Question 24

Fixed amount of drug eliminated, independent of concentration

Answer 24

Zero-order kinetics

Question 25

Route that provides large surface area for absorption and quick entry into bloodstream. Bypasses first-pass effect allowing for high bioavailability

Answer 25

Inhalation of Medications

Question 26

Route of administration that allows continuously delivered medication to achieve a constant blood level

Answer 26

Transdermal

Question 27

Component of cell or enzyme to which an endogenous substance binds or attaches to initiate a chain of biochemical events

Answer 27

Drug Receptor

Question 28

Any chemical that interacts with a receptor

Answer 28

Ligand

Question 29

Open or close channels to allow certain ions to pass through cell membrane

Answer 29

Gated ion channels

Question 30

Has its ligand-binding domain on the cell's surface

Answer 30

Transmembranous receptors

Question 31

Generate intracellular second-messengers

Answer 31

G protein-coupled receptors

Question 32

Drugs attach to these receptors and initiate direct changes in the cell by affecting DNA transcription

Answer 32

Intracellular receptors

Question 33

These drugs can traverse the lipid bilayer and enter the cell

Answer 33

Lipid soluble

Question 34

Degree to which a drug is attracted to a receptor

Answer 34

Affinity

Question 35

Drugs exist in two forms with mirror-image spatial arrangements called enantiomers or isomers (like right and left hands) which affect interaction with receptors

Answer 35

Chirality

Question 36

Drugs that display a degree of affinity for a receptor and stimulate a respons

Answer 36

Agonists

Question 37

Drugs that display an affinity for a receptor but do not elicit a response

Answer 37

Antagonists