CH 2: MOI & Injury Classifications Flashcards
What is mechanical trauma?
A force applied to any part of the body that results in a harmful disturbance in function and/or structure.
Classification of trauma
Bacterial/Viral
- Systemic
- Can manifest as MSK pain
Ex: Flu, Shingles, kidney infections etc.
Chemical
- Internal imbalance of chemicals
- Chronic pain
Ex: Diabetes, autoimmune diseases (MS) etc.
Mechanical
- Focus of our profession (see relevant flash card)
Properties of Tissue
Load
- An external force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the tissues
Stiffness
- Tissue’s ability to resist load
- > stiffness = > magnitude to resist load
Stress
- Internal resistance threshold to load
Strain
- Internal change in tissue resulting in deformation
What is the Yield Point and Creep in tissue?
Tissues have elastic properties that allow them to return to normal structure following deformation up to a certain point.
That point is called the Yield Point, where tissue is deformed to the extent that it no longer reacts elastically.
When load is constant past the Yield Point, the deformation that occurs is referred to as Creep. Once enough Creep has occurred, the tissue will eventually Mechanically Fail, leading to injury.
Direct v Indirect contact
Direct
- Injury occurs at point of impact
- “Contact”
Indirect
- Injury occurs at a point away from point of contact, or there is no point of contact.
- “Non contact”
What are the 5 Types of Tissue (bone) stresses?
1) Tension
- A force that pulls, or stretches tissue
- Can result in muscle strains and ligament sprains
2) Compression
- External load applied towards each other in direct opposite directions.
- Causes structure to shorten and widen
3) Shearing
- When a load is applied that is equal but not directly opposite to each other.
- Causes surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another. Tends to cause objects to slide or displace.
4) Bending
- When 2 separate forces act on opposite surfaces, they force those surfaces to move in parallel directions.
- Usually Compression and Tension working in opposites.
5) Torsion
- The application of torque on the long axis of a structure (almost always a long bone) which causes rotational twisting. Shearing force is applied here and peak in perpendicular planes. Ex: ACL tears.
Traumatic v Overuse Injuries
Overuse: injury occurs with repetitive dynamics, and constant stresses causing micro trauma that compounds over time.
Traumatic: An one-time instantaneous application of force that immediately surpasses a structures threshold for damage.
What is a muscle strain?
A stretch, tear, or rip in a muscle or its associated tendon. Can occur by overstretching or forced to contract against too much resistance. Can occur in the muscle belly or near the TMJ. Classified as 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree.
What is a muscle cramp?
Painful involuntary skeletal muscle contraction. Occurs in well developed individuals when a muscle is in a shortened position. Could be related to: strength or electrolyte imbalance or excessive water loss. Stretching does NOT help, but PNF does.
What is muscle gaurding?
Muscle contraction in response to pain. Following an injury, muscles in the affected area contract to act as a splint. Heat & deep tissue manipulation can assist.
What is a muscle spasm?
A reflex reaction in a muscle caused by trauma to the MSK system.
Needs ice and light pressure for rehab.
2 types:
Clonic: Rapid alternating involuntary contractions and relaxations.
Tonic: Rigid contraction that lasts a period of time.
What is a Tendinopathy?
A broad term used to describe painful conditions in and around tendons regarding overuse.
Tendon damage occurs after 6-7% increase in length.
Tendinitis v Tendinosis
Tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendon (Acute)
Tendinosis: A shift from inflammation to tendon degeneration (Chronic)
Both are a result of overuse.
What is Tenosynovitis?
Inflammation of the the synovial sheath surrounding a tendon.
Acute: Rapid onset with pain and crepitus
Chronic: Thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus.
What are Contusions and their classifications?
Injury sustained from a sudden blunt force trauma that compresses the soft or bony tissue (bruise)
If significant damage is sustained, the broken capillary beds bleed into surrounding tissue resulting in ecchymosis.
Can result in Myositis Ossificans if massaged aggressively too early in the healing process.
Classified as 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree.
