Ch. 2 Models of Abnormality Flashcards
model
a set of assumptions and concepts that help explain, interpret observations
(aka) paradigm
neuron
nerve cell
Huntington’s disease
disorder marked by violent emotional outbursts, memory loss, suicidal thinking, involuntary body movements and absurd beliefs
- result of loss of cells in basal ganglia and cortex
psychotropic medication
drug that mainly effects emotions and thought processes
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
form of biology treatment brain seizure treatment
- usually only for severe cases of depression where no other therapy works
psychosurgery
(neurosurgery) brain surgery for mental disorders
- used as last resort
id
(psychodynamic) psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives y impulses
- pleasure principle
- impulsive
- fueled by libido
pleasure principle
(psychodynamic) always seeks gratification
libido
(psychodynamic) sexual energy that fuels id
ego
(psychodynamic) psychological force employing reason and operates w/ reality principle
- reality principle
- controls id impulses
- defense mechanisms
reality principle
(psychodynamic) acquired knowledge through experience that may be unacceptable to id
superego
(psychodynamic) psychological force representing person’s values and ideas
- conscience
fixation
(psychodynamic) stuck at a developmental stage
developmental stages
oral stage anal stage phallic stage latency stage genital stage
(psychodynamic)
free association
(psychodynamic) patient describes any thought, feeling, or images that come to mind, even if unimportant
- in hopes that unconscious will reveal unconscious events
resistance
(psychodynamic) unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy
transference
(psychodynamic) redirection toward therapist feelings associated w/ important figures in patient’s life now or in the past
dream
(psychodynamic) series of ideas and images formed during sleep
manifest content
(psychodynamic) consciously remembered dream
latent content
(psychodynamic) relieving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems
behavior
responses an organism makes to its environment
conditioning
(behavior) forms of learning
operant conditioning
(behavior) process of learning in which behavior leads to satisfying consequences is more likely to be repeated
- rewards
reward
(behavior) satisfying consequence
classical conditioning
(behavior) process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together will in time become fused in person’s mind and produce same response
systemization desensitization
(behavior) clients w/ phobia learns to react calmly instead of w/ intense fear to objects, situations they dread
phobia
(behavior) a specific and unrealistic fear
self-efficacy
(behavior) confidence in own ability to succeed
overgeneralization
(cognitive) drawing broad negative conclusions on basis of single insignificant event
cognitive therapy
therapy that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes
humanistic
model that believes humans are born w/ natural tendencies to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive
self-actualization
(humanistic) process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth
existentialist
model that believes humans must have accurate awareness of self and live meaningful, authentic lives to be well-adjusted
client-centered therapy
(humanistic) help by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy and genuineness
gestalt therapy
humanistic therapy more focused on self-recognition and acceptance by role-playing
- may challenge and frustrate client
skillful frustration
(gestalt) therapist refuse to meet client expectations and demands
- meant to help people see how they try to manipulate others into meeting their needs
role-playing
(gestalt) clients act out various roles
- may be cathartic
- goal: client comes to own/accept feelings that previously made them uncomfortable
existential therapy
encourages to accept responsibility for lives and live w/ greater meaning/value
sociocultural model
abnormal behavior should be observed @ broad forces that influence person
(ie) culture, environment
family systems theory
(sociocultural) theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules
- causes of abnorm: enmeshed structure or disengagement
enmeshed structure
(sociocultural) family where members are grossly overinvolved
- causes abnorm functioning
disengagement
(sociocultural) rigid boundaries btwn members
- child will have difficult time functioning in groups or giving/requesting support
group therapy
(sociocultural) therapy format in which a group of people w/ the same problem meet w/ therapist or professional to work on the problem
self-help group
(sociocultural) same problems come together to help/support each other w/out professional leader
(aka) mutual help group
family therapy
(sociocultural) format where therapist meets w/ all family members and help to change therapeutic ways
structural family therapy
(sociocultural) approach where therapist changes family power structure, roles each person plays and member’s relationships
conjoint family therapy
(sociocultural) help members recognize and change harmful patterns of communication
couple (marital) therapy
(sociocultural) therapist works w/ two individuals who are in a long-term relationship
cognitive-behavioral couple therapy
(sociocultural) use techniques from cognitive/behavioral perspectives
- teach problem solving and communication skills
integrative couple therapy
(sociocultural) help couple accept behavior they cannot change and embrace relationship nevertheless
culture
set of values, attitudes, beliefs, history and behaviors shared by group of people and passed on
multicultural (culturally diverse) perspective
each culture w/in larger society has particular set of values and beliefs, as well as specific external pressures that help account for behavior of members
culture-sensitive therapy
therapy that seeks to address unique issues faced by cultural minority groups
