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BIOL 2P98 > Ch 2: Microbial Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Ch 2: Microbial Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

3 usual cell shapes in microbes

A
  1. coccus
  2. rod
  3. spirillum
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2
Q

3 unusual cell shapes in microbes

A
  1. spirochete
  2. budding and appendaged bacteria
  3. filamentous bacteria
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3
Q

what are characteristic arrangements in cells

A

cells remain in groups and clusters even after cell division in characteristic arrangement that can assist in identification

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4
Q

different ways of cell arrangement examples

A
  1. cocci in chains
  2. cocci in clusters
  3. rods in chains
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5
Q

what is morphology

A

genetically encoded property that maximizes fitness in a particular habitat

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6
Q

how can morphology maximize fitness

A
  1. optimization of nutrient uptake
  2. swimming motility in viscous environments of near surfaces
  3. gliding motility (like filamentous bacteria
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7
Q

Can the morphology predict physiology, ecology or phylogeny of a cell

A

typically, no

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8
Q

what is the size range for prokaryotes

A

~0.2um – 700 um in diameter

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9
Q

size of the average rod in bacteria

A

2 um

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10
Q

what is the size of most eukaryotes

A

8 um or larger

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11
Q

examples of very large prokaryotes

A
  1. Epulopiscium fishelsoni (bigger than 600 um)
  2. thiomargarita namibeinsis (400-750 um)
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12
Q

how does thiomargarita magnifica survive

A

by oxidixing sulfur. They are thread like creatures that are 50 times bigger than any other known bacteria

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13
Q

Small cells have more _______ relative to cell volume than large cell

A

surface area

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14
Q

core difference between small and large cell

A

the high surface are to volume ratio

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15
Q

what are the benefits of a large surface area

A
  1. support greater nutrient exchange
  2. grow faster than large cells
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16
Q

Limited resources can work out for small cells or large cells

A

small. a large population of small cells can be taken care of, compared to large population of large cells

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17
Q

What are the benefits of having more cell division, which is easier in small cells

A

more cell divisions = more mutations = faster evolution

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18
Q

In cells that really small, what should the volume of a cell consist of

A

proteins, nucleic acids, ribosomes etc - so it may get difficult

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19
Q

what cell size are needed on a minimum

A

0.15 um is marginal. 0.1 is insufficient

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20
Q

usually cell size in open oceans

A

0.2 - 0.4 um in diameter

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21
Q

what is the size of pathogenic bacteria

A

very small.

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22
Q

If pathogenic bacteria are small, how do they accommodate all cell functions

A

their genomes are streamlined with some gene functions provided by hosts

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23
Q

what is the cytoplasmic membrane

A

a thin structure that surrounds the cytoplasm and separates it from the environment

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24
Q

what does the cytoplasmic membrane do

A

regulates traffic of substances into and out of the cell

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25
Q

what happens if the cytoplasmic membrane disrupts

A

cell dies

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26
Q

what holds all of the contents of the cell in one place

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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27
Q

what is selectively permeability

A

regulation of traffic of substances that go in and out of the cell

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28
Q

what is constitutes of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

composed of hydrophobic (fatty acid) and hydrophilic (glycerol phosphate) components

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29
Q

is fatty acid hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

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30
Q

is glycerol-phosphate hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

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31
Q

In what environment to phospholipids naturally form a bilayer

A

aqueous solution

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32
Q

how are the fatty acids organized in the bilayer

A

fatty acids point inwards and the hydrophilic portions remain exposed to the external of cytoplasm

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33
Q

what is the cytoplasmic membrane

A

semi-fluid phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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34
Q

what are integral membrane proteins

A

they’re permanently embedded in the membrane.

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35
Q

what proteins span the membrane

A

transmembrane integral proteins

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36
Q

chemical structure of the lipid-anchored proteins

A

lipid molecule attached to an amino acid – which inserts into the membrane

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37
Q

What is the peripheral membrane

A

on the surface of the membrane, without inserting

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38
Q

in archaea how are hydrocarbons derived?

A

from isoprene

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39
Q

what is isoprene

A

5 carbon branched molecule

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40
Q

in archaea how are hydrocarbons attached to glycerol

A

by ether linkages

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41
Q

In bacteria eukarya, with links the hydrocarbon with glycerol

A

ester linkages

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42
Q

in bacteria archaea, how are hydrocarbons derived

A

fatty acids

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43
Q

3 membrane proteins

A
  1. integral membrane proteins
  2. lipid-anchored proteins
  3. peripheral
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44
Q

What are the 2 major types of archaeal lipids

A
  1. Glycerol diethers
  2. diglycerol tetraeither
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45
Q

Chemical structure of glycerol diethers

A

2 phytanyl groups attached to a glycerol

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46
Q

What is a phytanyl

A

20 carbon branched hydrocarbons, basically 4 isoprene units

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47
Q

what is a isoprene

A

5 carbon chain with double bonds

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48
Q

chemical structure of diglycerol tetraether

A

2 biphytanyl groups attached to a glycerol molecule at both ends

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49
Q

what is a biphytanyl molecule

A

20 carbon branched hydrocarbons

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50
Q

What does a diglycerol tetraether form instead of a lipid bilayer

A

lipid monolayer

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51
Q

what is the benefit of cyclic rings in hydrocarbon chains

A

increased rigidity

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52
Q

example of a archaea that has cyclic rings in its lipids

A

crenarchaeol

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53
Q

types of archaeal membranes

A
  1. lipid bilayer
  2. lipid monolayer
  3. combination of bilayer and monolayer
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54
Q

which type of archaeal lipid membrane is extremely resistant to heat

A

lipid monolayers

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55
Q

which type of archaeal lipid monolayer are widely there in hyperthermophilic archaea

A

lipid monolayer

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56
Q

what is hyperthemophilic

A

organisms that can live in extreme hot environments. they can grow best at more than 80 C

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57
Q

in permeable membranes what portion of the membrane is a tight barrier for difussion of substances

A

hydrophobic portion

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58
Q

can water pass through the phospholipid molecules

A

No its too small to pass

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59
Q

Why cant water pass through phospholipid membrane

A

water is a polar molecule (charged) and the head of the phospholipid molecule is non polar molecule (uncharged) . A polar molecule cannot diffuse/dissolve through a non polar molecule. Anything that can diffuse through the bilayer has to be similar to a non polar

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60
Q

How is water transported into the cell

A

through membrane proteins called aquaporins

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61
Q

What are the 3 transport mechanisms in prokaryotes (to and fro the phospholipid bilayer)

A
  1. simple transport
  2. group translocation
  3. abc transporter
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62
Q

what is simple transport in prokaryotes

A

passive diffusion of substances - without using energy - typically driven by the proton motive force (?)

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63
Q

what is group translocation in prokaryotes

A

when a subtance is diffused through the bilayer wile being chemically modified

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64
Q

What is ABC transporter in prokaryotes

A

they are membrane bound proteins that pump substances in and out of cells

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65
Q

What does ABC transportation need

A
  1. substrate protein
  2. membrane transporter
  3. ATP Hydrolyzing protein
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66
Q

What is the proton motive force

A

When there is an abundance of H+ (protons) on one side [of the cell] compared to the other side, there is force that is created, and they want to come to the other side where is a net negative charge - thats proton motive force

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67
Q

what is an ATP hydrolyzing protein

A

Hydrolyzing means breakdown. The hydrolyses of ATP powers cellular activities. The proteins that hydrolyze ATP are called ATP hydrolyzing proteins (like ATP Synthase)

68
Q

2 main purposes of the cell wall

A
  1. protects against lysis (breaking of or disintegration)
  2. gives shape and rigidity to the cell
69
Q

What is difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

differ in staining due to cell wall structure difference

70
Q

What are gram-positive bacteria

A

thick cell wall. have thick layer of peptidoglycan (envelope around the cytoplasmic membrane aka the phospholipid bilayer) + inner cytoplasmic membrane

71
Q

what are gram negative bacteria

A

thin cell wall. Thin layer of peptidoglycan + inner cytoplasmic membrane + outer membrane

72
Q

when staining, what color are gram positive bacteria. what is the name of the stain

A

purple. A basic fuchsin stain is used.

73
Q

when staining, what color are gram negative bacteria. what is the name of the stain

A

pink. basic fuchsin stain

74
Q

do gram postive bacteria has an outer membrane

A

no

75
Q

what is the chemical structure of peptidoglycan

A

repeating subunits of glycan tetrapeptide

76
Q

What is there in a glycan tetrapeptide

A
  1. 2 Sugar derivatives
  2. amino acids
77
Q

What are the 2 sugar derivatives in glycan tetrapeptide

A
  1. N-acetlyglucosamine
  2. N-acetlymuramic acid
78
Q

what amino acids are there in glycan tetrapeptide

A
  1. L-Alanine
  2. D-Alanine
  3. D-Glutamic Acid
  4. L-lysine OR a lysine derivative (like, Diaminopimelic acid)
79
Q

what enzyme can weaken the cell wall

A

lysozyme

80
Q

Examples of where lysozyme is present

A
  1. Tears
  2. saliva
  3. other bodily fluids
81
Q

what do B-1,4-glycosidic bonds connect

A

sugars in a long chain

82
Q

what do peptide bonds connect

A

one glycan chain to another

83
Q

What is main feature of glycosidic bonds

A

create rigidity and strength in one direction (X)

84
Q

What is the main feature of peptide bonds

A

give strength in other direction (Y)

85
Q

How do glycosidic and peptide bonds work together

A

work together in peptidoglycan. Imagine an axis, peptide bonds work in Y direction and glycosidic bonds work in X direction

86
Q

in gram negative bacteria, where do peptide bonds occur

A

between DAP of one chain and D-Alanine of another chain

87
Q

In gram positive bacteria, how are connections formed

A

through a short string of peptides, an interbridge, whose form varies from species to species

88
Q

what is a glycine residue

A

unique amino acid chain where all side chains are hydrogen atoms

89
Q

gram positive cell walls contain up to _____ % of peptidoglycan

A

90

90
Q

what are the “cables” in gram positive cell walls

A

“cables” are basically cross linked glycan strands, about 50 nm wide and the these cables itself can cross link to form an even stronger structure

91
Q

What are teichoic acids

A

polymers in gram positive bacteria. They help to regulate cell morphology and cell divisions

92
Q

are teichoic acids found in gram positive or negative acids

A

only in gram positive bacteria

93
Q

what is the chemical structure of techoic acids

A

polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups

94
Q

to what are techoic acids connected in gram positive bacteria

A

to the peptidoglycan or plasma membrane lipids

95
Q

are teichoic acids positively or negatively charged

A

negatively. bacterial cell walls are also negatively charged. and teichoic acids is in the bacterial cell wall

96
Q

In gram - negative bacteria what is the outer membrane

A

it is a lipid bilayer

97
Q

in gram negative bacteria, what is the composition of the inner membrane

A

thin peptidoglycan layer

98
Q

what does the outer membrane in gram negative bacteria contain

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. lipopolysaccharides or LPS
99
Q

How abundant is LPS (lipopolysaccharide) in the outer membrane

A

it covers most of the phospholipids in the outer half of the outer membrane

100
Q

what connects the peptidoglycan layer (inner membrane) to the outer membrane

A

lipoproteins `

101
Q

What does the structure of LPS consist of

A
  1. Lipid A
  2. Core Polysaccharide
  3. O-Specific polysaccharide
102
Q

what is the chemical structure of lipid A in LPS

A

Disaccharide of glucosamine phosphate linked to fatty acids through amine groups

103
Q

what is the periplasm

A

region between two membranes

104
Q

What happens in the periplasm

A

very high conc of proteins:
1. hydrolytic enzymes, these degrade food molecules
2. binding protiens, used for transport
3. chemoreceptors, which aid cell movement

105
Q

what is porins

A

Proteins that function as channels for entrance and exit of solutes

106
Q

why is the outer membrane relatively permeable to small molecules

A

due to the presence of porins

107
Q

Which bacteria (negative / positive) cells are nearly invisible until stained with 2nd dye

A

gram negative

108
Q

What happens to the CV-Iodine complex in gram positive and negative cells during the staining process

A

gram-negative cells: alcohol goes into the cells and extract CV-Iodine, leaving it colorless

gram-positive cells: alcohol dehydrates, causing pores to close and trapping the CV-Iodine complex, leaving it purple

109
Q

can most prokaryotes live without a cell wall

A

no

110
Q

Examples of prokaryotes that naturally lack cell walls

A
  1. Thermoplasma and its relatives
  2. Mycoplasma
111
Q

How do prokaryotes without cell wall survive

A
  1. have tough cell membranes
  2. Or live in strict osmotic regulated environment
112
Q

What does it mean to have a osmotic regulated environment

A

it is a homeostatic mechanism that regulates the optimum temperature of water and salts in the tissues and body fluids

113
Q

Do archaea cell walls contain peptidoglycan `

A

no

114
Q

do archaea contain an outer membrane

A

no

115
Q

What kind of cell walls do archaea have

A

pseudomurein cell walls

116
Q

What are pseudomurein cell walls

A
  • similar to peptidoglycan
  • contains N-acetylglucosamine linked to N-acetylalosaminuronic acid
117
Q

some archaea that live in _______ environment have polysaccharide walls

A

high salt

118
Q

The cell walls of archaea that live in high salt environments have a high amount of —-

A

They’re highly sulfated. SO4^2-

119
Q

what is the most common type of cell wall in archaea

A

S-Layer

120
Q

Are S-layer cell walls found in bacteria

A

in some bacteria, yes

121
Q

How is the S-Layer formed

A

interlocking layers of:
- Protein/Glycoprotien

That form a paracrystalline structure

122
Q

What does S-Layer do

A
  1. protects from osmotic lysis
  2. Acts as a selective sieve
  3. retains proteins near surface
123
Q

What is the S - Layer present with (sometimes?

A

Polysaccaride-based layer

124
Q

what are cell inclusions

A

granules, crystals or globules of a substance in the cytoplasm, usually partitioned off from the rest of the cell

125
Q

What can cell inclusions be used for

A

used as store substances when in excess for later use

126
Q

What are some examples of substances that can be stored in cell inclusions

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Inorganic Phosphate
  3. Sulfur
127
Q

where are gas vesicles present?

A

in many planktonic prokaryotes

128
Q

What are gas vesicles made of

A

protein

129
Q

What are gas vesicles shaped like

A

Spindle-shaped

130
Q

What are gas vesicles permeable to

A

gases

131
Q

what are gas vesicles impermeable to

A

water

132
Q

Advantages of gas vesicles

A
  1. Increases buoyancy
  2. Allow cells to adjust vertical position in a water column
133
Q

what are slime layers

A

sticky or slimy materials on cell surface that have secreted polysaccaride or protein

134
Q

what is the structure of bacterial capsules?

A

consist of tight matrix that adheres firmly to the cell wall

135
Q

how are slime layers attached to the cell surface

A

loosely attached, so they can be lost from the cell surface

136
Q

what is the function of capsules and slime layers

A
  1. Help in attachment
  2. protect immune invasion
  3. protect from dehydration
137
Q

difference between fimbriae and pilli

A

Fimbriae are bristle-like short fibers occurring on the bacterial surface, Pili are long hair-like tubular microfibers found on the surface of bacteria.

138
Q

What are fimbriae and pilli

A

filamentous proteins extending from surface of cell

139
Q

What is the function of fimbriae

A

helps enable cells to stick to surfaces

140
Q

What are the functions of pilli

A
  1. facilitate genetic exchange by conjugation
  2. adhesion to specific host tissues
  3. twitching motility
141
Q

what is flagella

A

Threadlike locomotor appendages extending outward from the plasma membrane and cell wall

142
Q

What is the function of flagella

A

Swimming and motility

143
Q

what are the 4 different forms of flagella arrangements

A
  1. Polar
  2. Lophotrichous
  3. Amphitrichous
  4. Peritrichous
144
Q

What is the polar arangement of flagella

A

Flagella attached at one or both ends

145
Q

What is the lophotrichous arrangement of flagella

A

A tuft (group) of flagella at one end

146
Q

What is the amphitrichous arrangement of flagella

A

Tufts at both ends

147
Q

what is the peritrichous arrangement of flagella

A

Many locations around the cell

148
Q

What are the 3 main components of flagella

A
  1. Basal Body
  2. Hook
  3. Filament
149
Q

What is the basal body in flagella

A

The base & “motor” of the flagella

150
Q

what is the function of the basal body in flagella

A

Anchors the flagella in cytoplasmic membrane & cell wall

151
Q

What is the hook in flagella

A

links basal body and filament

152
Q

What is the filament in flagella

A

Extends from the cell surface to the tip

153
Q

What is the structure of the filament in flagella

A
  • Composed of a hollow rigid cylinder of flagellin protein
  • Helical
154
Q

How does the basal body move the flagella

A

rotates the flagella much like the propeller on a boat motor

155
Q

what powers the rotation done by the basal body in flagella

A

protons, through Mot proteins

156
Q

How is the flagella in archaea used

A

power swimming motility

157
Q

Compared to bacterial flagella, what is the size of the archaea flagella

A

its thinner in diameter

158
Q

How does a thin diameter affect swimming on archaea

A

slower swimming

159
Q

what are archaea flagella made of

A

different flagellin proteins, similar to bacteria flagellin

160
Q

what powers the swimming done by flagellla in archaea

A

ATP. and not proton motive force

161
Q

Did flagellar motility evolve together for bacteria and archaea

A

no, they evolved separately

162
Q

Flagella rotational speed is related to ______

A

strength of the proton motive force

163
Q

Why do different archaea species have different swimming maximum speeds

A

because swimming speed is genetic, hence different for each species

164
Q

How does different flagella arrangements, affect swimming

A

the swimming motions differ with flagella arrangement

165
Q

What type of flagellated cells move slowly in a straight line

A

peritrichously flagellated cells

166
Q

What type of flagellated cells move more rapidly, spinning around and dashing from place to place

A

polarly flagellated cells

BIOL 2P98 (8 decks)

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