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720 Exercise Phys > Ch 2 Metabolism and Energy > Flashcards

Ch 2 Metabolism and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Define energy

A

ability to do/perform work

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2
Q

Work=force*distance

A

I carry box 10 feet is work done? Yes

I hold box above head? work? no

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3
Q

what is a kcal?

Kcal= Cal on nutrition label

A

heat required to raise 1 kg H2O 1 degree C

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4
Q

How much energy from 1 g Carbohydrate?

A

4 kcal

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5
Q

How much energy from 1 g Protein?

A

4 kcal

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6
Q

How much energy from 1 g Fat?

A

9 kcal

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7
Q

What is caloric intake/day?

A

1 kcal/hour/kg (24 hr*87)=2,088 kcal

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8
Q

6 categories of Nutrients

A

water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals

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9
Q

what is the difference btwn vitamin and minerals?

A

Vitamin- organic, CAN be broken down by heat, air, acid

Mineral- inorganic, CANNOT be broken down= stronger chemical bond/structure

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10
Q

What vitamins and minerals responsible for bone structure?

A

Ca, vitamin D, vitamin K, Mg, Phosphorous

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11
Q

what vitamins/minerals responsible for preventing birth defects?

A

folic acid

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12
Q

For strong teeth?

A

Flouride!! along with Ca, vit D and K, Mg, P

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13
Q

what are the 4 types of energy

A

chemical, mechanical, heat, electrical

With work being done, heat energy generated before mechanical

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14
Q

What energy source is used at rest?

A

predominately aerobic
2/3 fat
1/3 car

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15
Q

what is the formation of glycogen from glucose?

A

glycogenesis

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16
Q

what is break down of glycogen into glucose?

A

glycogenolysis

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17
Q

how many g of glucose in body?

A

20 g, the rest is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle

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18
Q

Are simple carbodydrates absorbed quickly?

A

yes, why utilized for diabetic patient (ie fruit, juice, candy etc)

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19
Q

Ex of complex carbohydrates?

A

pasta, breads, vegetables

provide steady energy

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20
Q

Carbohydrates ex

A

Monosaccharides- fructose, galactose
Disaccharides- sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides- starch, glycogen

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21
Q

does the liver or muscle store more glycogen?

A

muscle (400 g)
vs
liver (100 g)

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22
Q

What 2 structures make up a lipid/fat?

A

Fatty acid and triglyceride

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23
Q

fatty acid types

A

saturated (animals)- no dbl bond,

unsaturated(plants)- dbl bond btwn Carbons, considered “good” in olive oil

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24
Q

triclyceride composition

A

glyceral and 3 FA’s

what is measured in blood draw

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25
molecular formula of carb?
C6H12O6 | C6 H12 O6
26
molecular formula of fat?
C16 H32 O2 | Means more aerobic?
27
what is recommended cal from Fat?
20%
28
Fxn of Fat?
1. protect organs 2. thermal insulation 3. energy source/reserve 4. vitamin carrier
29
Protein as energy source
rarely used?
30
Does the body synthesize essential AA?
no, essential are needed from food
31
how may essential AA
9 | approx 11 non essential that body produces
32
what is recommended cal from Proteins?
10-15%
33
What is role of enzymes? | what is a enzyme
reduce energy needed for reaction to occur speed up rxn (if 'ase') lipase etc protein molecule that facilitate chemical reaction and lower energy needed for reaction to take place
34
catabolic reaction
break down
35
anabolic reaction
build up (steroid)
36
what is the Mass Action Effect?
depends which more present ex AB= A + B if more AB then catabolic if more A+B then anabolic
37
what factors affect speeed of faciliation?
temp, pH, coenzyme need
38
aerobic metabolism
use oxygen for metabolism used at rest, and long-duration, low-intensity Use carbohydrates, triglycerides, and proteins (minimally)
39
anaerobic metabolism
without oxygen ONLY CARBOHYDRATES produces LA (lactic acid) decreases pH)
40
Anaerobic
ATP-PC for high intensity, short duration
41
by-product of anaerobic glycolysis?
lactic acid
42
what are sources of energy for aerobic metabolism?
carbs, fats, proteins (minimally)
43
Both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism generate energy and CO2. What differentiates them?
aerobic- also water | anaerobic- lactic acid
44
physiologically, how does LA lead to fatigue?
less produciton of energy, decreased intensity, and decreased speed
45
ex of aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism?
aerobic- cycling, long-distance | anaerobic- lifting weight, sprinting, jumping
46
what is the only energy source used during anaerobic metabolism?
CARBOHYDRATES (ie glucose or glycogen)
47
how much energy is generated from 1 ATP molecule?
10 kcal (7-12 actually)
48
approximately, how long is ATP-PC system used before exhaustion?
2-3 sec
49
what is the composition of ATP
adenine, ribose, phosphate (3)
50
when ATP broken down (energy is used ie hydrolyzed) what happens to pH level
decrease pH | Same as increasing acidity
51
what enzyme is used to break down ATP?
ATPase
52
What enzyme used to break down PC (phosphocreatine)?
Creatine kinase
53
The ATP-PC system is exhausted quickly, is there more ATP stored or PC stored in body?
PC
54
The goal is to improve high intensity, short-duration activity. How should you train?
train the way the system is used | Long-distance training will have no effect of ATP-PC system
55
molecular formula of LA?
C3H6O3
56
how long will anaerobic glycolysis system last?
1-2 min
57
What is the Rate-Limiting Factor (RLF) of anaerobic glycolysis?
PFK (phosophofructokinase)
58
either 2 things can happen whether or not O2 is present after anaerobic glycolysis?
if O2 present (PFK rate-limiting factor) If o2 absent (LDH lactate dehydrogenase is rate limiting factor
59
does glycolosis occur in the cytoplasm or mitochondria?
cytoplasm
60
does Krebs cycle occur in cytoplasm or mitochondria?
mitochondria
61
what is substrate (starting product) of glycolysis?
glucose/glycogen
62
what is substrate (starting product of Krebs)?
Acetyl CoA
63
How many Acetyl CoA molecules from 1 pyruvic acid molecule?
2
64
What is unique about Kreb's Cycle?
Krebs cycle: removal of H atoms. Important function of the Krebs cycle is the generation of electrons and ions for transfer to the respiratory chain by means of NAD and FAD
65
is OXIDATION the removal of H+ or addition of?
removal of H+ | electrons removed also
66
what is the net ATP of glycolysis if glucose vs glycogen is used as substrate?
net 2 if glucose | net 3 if glycogen (uses 1 less ATP)
67
how much LA in body at rest?
.5 g= 500 mg
68
how many L of blood in body?
5 L
69
at rest what % oxygen used
``` Minute ventilation – 5 L or mL / min 20% atm air- oxygen 20%*5000=1000 mL 16 % air expired- oxygen 4 % oxygen used 16%*5000=800 mL 1000-800=200 or .2 L/min- about same as .3 in diagram ```
70
what is 1 MET
3.5 mL O2/kg/min at rest | ex 70 kg = 245 mL/min (same as 200-300 we calculated in class)
71
during climbing flight of stairs how many MET?
4-5 MET | A minimum level of energy required to sustain the body’s vital functions in the resting state.
72
What occurs when hydolysis in incomplete?
LA produciton
73
WHat occurs when hydrolysis is complete?
water, CO2, ant ATP are products
74
How much energy produced from 1 L of O2 consumption?
5 kcal
75
what is RQ
resting quotient
76
what is RQ value at rest
.82
77
what is RQ value if carbohydrate used?
1
78
what is RQ if fat used?
.7
79
what is max VO2?
Max VO2is defined as the maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed.
80
what is onset of blood lactate accumulation?
Exercise intensity at which blood lactic acid exceeds resting concentration Production exceeds removal form blood As lactate threshold increases, so does endurance performance Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA): exercise intensity at which a specific blood lactic acid concentration occurs
81
trained vs untrained OBLA
In untrained: occurs at 50% to 60% of max oxygen consumption | In endurance trained: 65% to 80% of max oxygen consumption
82
50-60 % max VO2= what HR
aprox 120
83
exercise post-oxygen consumption
decrease quicker with trained individuals
84
factors that affect resting metabolic rate?
sex, body temperature, stress, body surface area
85
what is Lactacid? | what system does it recover?
O2 needed to remove LA
86
what is Alactacid?
O2 to restore ATP-PC system | ATP-PC recovery
87
myoglobin is associated with what system?
ATP-PC
88
factors that contribute to LA accumulation?
``` Intensity Low tissue oxygen Reliance on glycolysis Activation of fast twitch fibers Reduced lactate removal ```
89
what factors have highest LA threshold?
1. Slow twitch fibers 2. Higher VO2 max 3. Higher capillary density and mitochondria
90
What happens to LA?
``` Excretion in urine and sweat Conversion to glucose and glycogen When adequate O2 Oxidation to carbon dioxide and water During aerobic metabolism ```

720 Exercise Phys (3 decks)

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