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BUILDING TECH > CH. 2 FOUNDATIONS > Flashcards

CH. 2 FOUNDATIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Foundation

A

Helps transfer structural loads of building to the ground.

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2
Q

Dead load

A

Weight of the building and it’s permanent components.

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3
Q

Live loads

A

Non-permanent loads. Occupants furniture and movable equipment

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4
Q

Rain and snow loads

A

Act primarily downward on the buildings.

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5
Q

Wind loads

A

Act laterally. Downward or upwards.

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6
Q

Seismic loads

A

Horizontal and vertical forces. Earthquakes

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7
Q

Lateral soil pressure

A

Pressures of earth and ground water against basement walls. ( soil and hydrostatic)

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8
Q

Buoyant uplift

A

Forces from underground water

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9
Q

Horizontal thrusts

A

Only applies to buildings with long span structural components. Arches, rigid frames, domes, vaults.

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10
Q

What is one thing that foundations must limit?

A

Settlement

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11
Q

Settlement

A

Earth compresses and adjusts to the loads of the building.

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12
Q

Uniform settlement

A

Building settles at the same rate throughout all parts. May disrupt service entrances or site elements.

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13
Q

Differential settlement

A

Parts of building settle differently. Damages building structure.

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14
Q

Earth materials

A

Classified by particle size and organic content in the case of finer grade soil ‘s, the sensitivity to moisture content.

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15
Q

Consolidated rock/bed rock

A

Dense continuous mass of mineral material. Can only be removed by drilling fracturing or blasting. The strongest and most stable earth material. Strength varies with mineral content and physical structure.

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16
Q

Soil

A

A particulate. Properties vary with particle size and shape mineral content and sensitivity to moisture.

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17
Q

Organic soil

A

Peat, topsoil, and many more. Not suitable for support of building foundations because it is spongy, sensitive to water content and biological activity in the soil.

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18
Q

Shear strength

A

Resistance to internal sliding.

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19
Q

Soil stability

A

Ability of soil to retain its loadbearing characteristics over the life of the building.

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20
Q

Frictional/cohesionless soil

A

Relies primarily on internal friction for strength.

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21
Q

Soil pours

A

Spaces between particles.

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22
Q

Classifying by particle size:

Boulder:

A

Too big to lift with one hand.

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23
Q

Classifying by particle size:

Cobble:

A

Can be lifted with one hand.

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24
Q

Classifying by particle size:

Course grained soil‘s: Gravel

A

Individual particles can be lifted between thumb and index finger.

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25
Q

Classifying by particle size:

Coarse grained soil’s: Sand

A

Particles are too small to be individually lifted.

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26
Q

Classifying by particle size:

Find grained soil’s: Silt

A

Spherical particles that are too small to see with the naked eye.

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27
Q

Classifying by particle size:

Fine grained soils: Clay

A

Smaller than salt and plate shaped

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28
Q

Properties of coarse grained soils

A

Not affected by moisture content. Free draining: good for draining water away from foundation’s, substructure, or under slab on grade, and pavements.

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29
Q

Properties of fine grained soil’s

A

Less free draining, sensitive to moisture, properties and strength vary with moisture content.

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30
Q

Specific properties of clay

A

Properties vary with moisture content and mineral composition. Highly expensive when wet. Impervious to water: cohesive. Large surface area. Subject to compression over time (consolidation)

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31
Q

Soil liquefaction

A

When soil loses all sheer strength and behaves like a liquid due to water saturation and seismic forces.

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32
Q

Soil fabric

A

Complex internal structures. Particles aggregate into sheet like/geometric arrangements.

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33
Q

Plastic soil

A

Hard when dry/moldable when moist.

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34
Q

Liquid limit

A

Amount of moisture content sustained before arriving at a flowable consistency.

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35
Q

Expansive soil

A

Prone to expanding or contracting with changes in moisture content.

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36
Q

Excavating in frictional soil: sand

A

Must be excavated at shallower angle to avoid collapse without support.

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37
Q

Excavating in highly cohesive soil: clay

A

Vertical wall excavation without support is possible due to sufficient sheer strength allowing it not to collapse.

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38
Q

Soil gradation

A

Range of particle sizes present.

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39
Q

Well graded soil

A

Wide distribution of particles sizes. Poorly sorted.

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40
Q

Poorly graded soil

A

Limited in sizes. Well sorted.

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41
Q

Uniformly graded soil

A

Limited/narrow size range.

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42
Q

Gap graded soil

A

Broader range but certain sizes are removed

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43
Q

Imported soil

A

Brought from offsite

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44
Q

Native soil

A

Already present at the site

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45
Q

General purpose fill

A

Good compaction and stability. Well graded, coarse-grained.

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46
Q

Drainage fills

A

Porous. Efficiently transports water toward foundation drains.

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47
Q

Geotechnical reports

A

Describes soils and properties derived from test pits samples, boring samples, and lab testing.

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48
Q

Test pit

A

Hole that is dug to observe soil strata and surface water conditions. Only dug when foundation will not be deeper than 16 feet.

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49
Q

Ground water

A

Water below the surface

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50
Q

Water table

A

Elevation at which soil is fully saturated by ground water.

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51
Q

Test boring

A

Performed when test pits are not practical or information at greater deaths is required. For example soil type, death, thickness, ground water conditions.

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52
Q

Penetration sampler

A

An open ended hollow tube used to evaluate soil density and bearing capacity.

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53
Q

Load tests

A

Evaluates the bearing capacity and stability of soil.

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54
Q

Sieve

A

Wire mesh screens of varying spacing used to separate particles of different sizes

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55
Q

Plastic limit

A

Water content at which soil transitions from solid to plastic

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56
Q

Brownfield site

A

Previously developed, damaged, or polluted site. Constructing here can help mitigate previous environmental degradation.

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57
Q

Earth work

A

Processing of parts of the earth surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock.

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58
Q

Grubbing and clearing

A

When trees, plants, stumps, or large roots are removed with heavy machinery.

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59
Q

What is excavation necessary for?

A

Basement construction, reaching undisturbed adequately firm soil for shallow footings, trenches for buried utilities, to remove contaminated or weak soil’s.

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60
Q

Excavation support

A

Helps resist pressure of earth and ground water.

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61
Q

What are the downsides to excavation support?

A

More expensive

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62
Q

When is excavation support used?

A

When excavating close to property lines or other buildings.

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63
Q

What is benched excavation?

A

When the edges of excavation are sloped back at a low angle so soil does not fall back into the hole.

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64
Q

What are the upsides of benched excavation?

A

Less expensive

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65
Q

What are the requirements for benched excavation?

A

Requires site without nearby property lines or adjacent structures.

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66
Q

Shoring

A

Construction used to support the sides of an excavation. Usually temporary. May be left in place to become a permanent part of the sub structure.

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67
Q

Sheet piling/sheeting

A

Vertical sheets aligned tightly and driven into the earth to create a solid wall before excavation begins.

68
Q

Soldier beams and lagging

A

Steel beams driven into the earth then as earth is removed heavy wood planks are placed against the flanges to retain soil before excavation begins.

69
Q

What is another name for a soldier beam?

A

H-pile.

70
Q

When are soldier beams and lagging used?

A

Used for large excavations

71
Q

Pneumatically applied concrete/shotcrete

A

Steph concrete mixture that is sprayed from a hose onto soil shortly after its excavated.

72
Q

Soil mixing

A

Blending Portland cement and water with existing soil. Helps strengthen sides of excavation.

73
Q

Explain the process of soil mixing

A

Mixing occurs in place using rotating augurs or paddles lowered into the ground. The soil cement hardens into a series of underground vertical cylinders of low strength concrete. This becomes a permanent part of the substructure.

74
Q

Ground/earth improvement

A

Any or all variety of methods for altering properties of soil.

75
Q

Slurry wall

A

Steel reinforced concrete wall in the ground.

76
Q

What is the downside to using a slurry wall?

A

It’s expensive. It’s only economical if the slurry wall becomes part of the permanent foundation.

77
Q

Slurry

A

Water mixed with bentonite clay or polymers.

78
Q

Clam shell bucket

A

Excavating tool used for slurry wall.

79
Q

Tremie

A

Funnel and tube arrangement used to pour concrete from the bottom up.

80
Q

Contiguous pier

A

Cylindrical concrete piers spaced close enough that they form a wall

81
Q

Tangent wall

A

When piers are spaced so that their edges are adjacent to one another

82
Q

Secant wall

A

Piers that partially overlap

83
Q

Cross lot bracing

A

Temporary steel wide-flange columns driven into the earth at points where braces cross.

84
Q

Raker

A

Used one excavation is too wide for bracing

85
Q

Tiebacks

A

Only use one soil conditions permit

86
Q

Walers

A

Beams that span across the face of sheeting

87
Q

Rock anchor

A

Similar to tiebacks but used to hold jointed rock formations in place. Used when excavating in fractured rock.

88
Q

Soil nailing

A

Steel bars inserted into a nearly horizontal hole in the soil. Grout is then injected to bind the nail to the soil.

89
Q

Dewatering

A

Removal of water from excavation or surrounding soil

90
Q

Sump

A

A pit were water accumulates at lowest points in the excavation

91
Q

Well points

A

Vertical pipes inserted into the ground with screened openings at the bottom to keep out particles but allow water to enter

92
Q

Water tight barrier wall/cut off wall

A

Made of sheet piling, slurry wall, soil mix wall, or contiguous piers.

93
Q

When would a water tight barrier wall be used?

A

When lowering the water table could affect surrounding buildings.

94
Q

Soil freezing

A

Vertical pipes Used to circulate coolant at temperature is low enough to freeze soil.

95
Q

What is soil freezing an alternative for?

A

Water tight barrier wall

96
Q

Superstructure

A

Above ground part of building

97
Q

Substructure

A

Habitable part of building below ground

98
Q

Shallow foundation

A

Occurs close to the bottom of the substructure.

99
Q

Is shallow foundation expensive or less expensive?

A

Less expensive

100
Q

Deep foundation

A

Extends deeper to more competent soil

101
Q

Spread footing

A

Takes concentrated load from above and spreads out across soil large enough that safe soil pressure is not exceeded.

102
Q

Column footing

A

Square concrete block with or without steel reinforcing that distributes column load to the soil below

103
Q

Wall/strip footing

A

Continuous strip of concrete that serves the same function as column footing but for loadbearing walls

104
Q

Engineered fill

A

Higher strength, more stable soil material

105
Q

Frost line

A

Level to which ground freezes in the winter

106
Q

Ice lens

A

Thick layers of ice that form as water vapor migrates upwards and gets trapped under the footing

107
Q

Slab on grade

A

Concrete edges are thicker, no excavation required, simple spread footings for one and two story buildings

108
Q

Tie beams

A

Used to link column for things together to help maintain stability

109
Q

Combined footing/cantilever

A

Ties the footings for outside row of columns to those of the next row in such a way that imbalances are neutralized

110
Q

Shallow frost protected foundation

A

Footings place closer to the ground surface but insulated in a way that ground underneath it cannot freeze

111
Q

Mat foundation

A

Used when column footings become so closely spaced that using this type of foundation is more effective

112
Q

Floating foundation

A

Balance is the weight of the soil removed with the weight of the building to be constructed

113
Q

Caisson/pier

A

Cylindrical in shape. Extends through layers of unsatisfactory soil beneath the substructure until it reaches a more suitable one

114
Q

Auger drills

A

Used for drilling caissons

115
Q

Belling bucket

A

Used to create the bell at the bottom of caissons

116
Q

Piles

A

Used when non-cohesive soil, subsurface water, or excessive depth of bearing strata makes using caissons impractical

117
Q

End bearing pile

A

When pile driven until it’s tip encounters firm resistance such as rock, dense sense, or gravel

118
Q

Friction pile

A

With no firm layer can be reached but still develops load of carrying capacity through frictional resistance

119
Q

Driven to refusal

A

The point where a pile is firmly embedded into a bearing layer - end bearing pile

120
Q

Pile cap

A

Distributes load of column or wall above among piles

121
Q

Grade beams

A

Constructed between pile caps to transmit wall loads to the piles

122
Q

Pile hammer

A

Used to drive piles into the earth

123
Q

How does a pile hammer work?

A

Heavy weights are lifted by energy of steam, compressed air, compressed hydraulic fluid, or diesel fuel combustion, then dropped on top of the pile

124
Q

Timber piles

A

Made from tree trunks

125
Q

Heaving

A

Upward displacement of adjacent soil

126
Q

Pipe piles

A

8 to 24 inches in diameter

127
Q

Mini piles/ pin piles

A

Steel bar or pipe that is 2 to 12 inches in diameter used for soil stabilization

128
Q

Helical piles

A

Similar to mini piles but with one or more boring blades that are up to 24 inches in diameter and our augured in place

129
Q

Precast concrete piles

A

Square, octagonal, or round and may have open cores to allow for inspection after driving. Have high load capacities.

130
Q

Site cast concrete pile

A

Installed by driving hollow steel shell into the ground and then filling it with concrete

131
Q

Pressure injected footing/compaction grouted footing

A

Dry Steph mixture of concrete or grout compacted into pre-drilled hole

132
Q

Rammed aggregate pier

A

Permits shallow footings to be used where deeper types might otherwise be required

133
Q

Base isolators

A

Used in areas were earthquakes are coming. They flex or yield to absorb significant portion of ground movement

134
Q

Underpinning

A

Used to strengthen existing foundation

135
Q

Up down construction

A

Installation of perimeter slurry wall, tangent wall, or other method of foundation wall construction.

Internal steel columns are lowered into drilled slurry filled holes and concrete footings are tremied beneath them

Once ground floor slab is in place and connected to the substructure columns, erection of superstructure may begin

136
Q

Drainage

A

Draws water away from foundation

137
Q

Drainage mat

A

Manufactured sheet product that is 1/2 inch thick made of plastic egg-crate like structure or other porous materials.

138
Q

Filter fabric

A

Allows water to pass by prevents fine soil particles from entering and clogging

139
Q

Perforated drain piping

A

Lay around outside perimeter of building foundation, 4 to 6 inches in diameter, has several perforations that allow water in. Located at the bottom of the wall

140
Q

Damp proofing

A

Moisture resistant cement, plaster, or asphalt compound applied to basement walls

141
Q

Cement plastered dampproofing/parge coating

A

Light gray in color, troweled on

142
Q

Asphalt damp proofing

A

Black in color. Applied as a liquid by spray, roller, or towel.

143
Q

Liquid applied membrane waterproofing

A

Sprayed or rolled on as viscous liquids that cure in place

144
Q

Waterproofing

A

More resistant than damp proofing. Prevents passage of water even under hydrostatic pressure

145
Q

Sheet membranes

A

Manufactured in factories. They are consistent in quality and thickness but difficult to apply around complex shapes. They are vulnerable to leakage at the seams

146
Q

Fully adhered membranes

A

Continuously bonded to the substrate they are applied to. Less vulnerable to leaks

147
Q

Pre applied membrane waterproofing

A

Installed before concrete is poured

148
Q

Blindside waterproofing

A

Used where there is no working space between sheeted excavation and foundation wall

149
Q

Loosely laid membrane waterproofing

A

Less vulnerable to tears or ruptures

150
Q

Integral waterproofing

A

Added to wet concrete mixture which plugs pores and micro cracks

151
Q

Water stop

A

Controls water at the movement joints of concrete pours

152
Q

Flood testing

A

Membrane submerged for period of time and checked for leaks

153
Q

Protection board

A

Protects against sunlight and damage during soil backfilling

154
Q

Perimeter insulation

A

Protects vertical edge of the slab and most extend 1 to 4 feet either under the slab, straight down or out from slabs edge

155
Q

Radon gas

A

Cancer causing gas that occurs naturally in soil

156
Q

Active sub slab depressurization

A

Installing small fans in vertical vent pipes to help reduce air pressure in the gas permeable layer and help gases be extracted more effectively

157
Q

Soil gas

A

Emissions from herbicides or pesticides introduced into soil around the structure, fuel leakage from buried storage tanks, contaminated ground water, landfills, or buried industrial pollution

158
Q

Retaining wall

A

Holds back soil when change in ground elevation occurs

159
Q

Gabion

A

A corrosion resistant wire basket filled with cobble or Boulder size rocks that is then stacked to form a retaining wall

160
Q

Filling

A

Placing of earth material

161
Q

Earth reinforcing/mechanically stabilized earth

A

Soil compacted into layers, each sandwiched between reinforcing made of galvanized steel or grids or mats of high strength polymers called geotextile‘s

162
Q

Backfilling

A

Replacement of soil materials in an excavation to restore it close to finished levels

163
Q

Soil lift

A

Layers of replacement soil added

164
Q

Controlled low strength material - CLSM

A

Manufactured fill material made from Portland cement, sand, and water

165
Q

Finish grading

A

Final leveling and smoothing of soil surface to the required contours and elevation

BUILDING TECH (3 decks)

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