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AP WORLD HISTORY > CH 2: CITIES, STATES, AND UNEQUAL SOCIETIES > Flashcards

CH 2: CITIES, STATES, AND UNEQUAL SOCIETIES Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a true statement about ancient Egypt?

A

The state was ruled by pharaohs who were believed to be gods in human form.

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2
Q

The territory of ancient Mesopotamia is presently occupied by which country?

A

Iraq

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3
Q

What is a statement that describes gender relations in the First Civilizations?

A

Women were defined by their relationship to a man.

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4
Q

What is an example of a way patriarchy was expressed in the First Civilizations?

A

Laws that regulated female sexuality

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5
Q

What was one purpose that writing served in the First Civilizations?

A

To keep track of who paid their taxes to the state

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6
Q

What could scholars have advanced as a possible explanation for the emergence of patriarchy in the First Civilizations?

A

Emergence of large-scale warfare with professionally led armies

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7
Q

Kingship in the First Civilizations often

A

linked the position of the ruler to the divine.

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8
Q

What was a reason for instability in ancient Mesopotamia?

A

The rivalries between independent city-states that led to warfare

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9
Q

As a descriptive term, “civilization” refers to

A

a particular and distinctive type of human society organized into cities and states.

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10
Q

The rulers of which First Civilization based their authority on the Mandate of Heaven?

A

China

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11
Q

What is a feature found in some cities in the First Civilizations?

A

Sewage systems

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12
Q

What represents a way class distinctions were displayed in the First Civilizations?

A

Manner of a person’s burial

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13
Q

What was an example of the way that rulers in the First Civilizations displayed their power?

A

Constructing temples, lavish clothing and jewelry, large houses

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14
Q

What contributed to the declining power of the Egyptian pharaohs by 2400 B.C.E.?

A

Local officials and nobles assumed greater authority.

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15
Q

What is usually considered a feature of a “civilization”?

A

States that use force to compel obedience from subjects

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16
Q

Which of the First Civilizations is sometimes referred to as the “mother civilization” of Mesoamerica?

A

Olmec

17
Q

What First Civilization did not rely on grain-based agriculture?

A

Norte Chico

18
Q

What was the primary economic foundation for civilization?

A

Agriculture

19
Q

What was a reason for instability in ancient Mesopotamia?

A

The rivalries between independent city-states that led to warfare

20
Q

What human accomplishment emerged with the First Civilizations?

A

Writing

21
Q

What was advanced as a possible explanation for the origins of the First Civilizations?

A

The need to organize large-scale irrigation projects

22
Q

What was a feature of Egyptian rather than Mesopotamian civilization?

A

A more cheerful and hopeful outlook on the world, as expressed in part through religious beliefs

23
Q

The rulers of First Civilizations often drew their power from their roles as

A

high priests

24
Q

What describes gender relations in the First Civilizations?

A

Women were defined by their relationship to men.

25
Q

In the First Civilizations. slaves were drawn from which pool of people?

A

Prisoners of war

26
Q

Name at least three elements that a civilization must have in order to produce monumental works on the scale of the Mesopotamian ziggurats or Egyptian pyramids.

A
  • A large labor force
  • A leader with the power and authority to compel labor
  • An assured food supply for the workers, who cannot produce their own food while working
  • Building materials
  • An ideology that makes monumental architecture desirable, with an emphasis on grandeur and the belief that gods are entitled to or may demand such structures.
27
Q

What new products and technology did Egypt’s interaction with the outside world bring?

A
  • Mesopotamia (wheat, barley, its system of writing)
  • Sudan (gourds, watermelon, domesticated donkeys, the practice of divine kingship)
  • Hittites (horse drawn chariots, new armor and weapons, new techniques for textile production, new musical instruments, olive and pomegranate trees)
28
Q

Name at least three features typical of a king in one of the First Civilizations.

A
  • Gave authority to the state
  • Monumental architecture
  • Elaborate clothing
  • Magnificent burials
  • Claim of divinity or divine approval
29
Q

Identify the different social classes in the First Civilizations, and give specific examples of people within each class.

A
  • Upper classes: rulers and the royal family, nobles, high-ranking officials
  • Free commoners: artisans, lower-level officials, soldiers, police, servants, farmers
  • Slaves: prisoners of war, criminals, debtors
30
Q

Norte Chico

A
  • 3000 B.C.E. -1800 B.C.E.
  • desert region
  • largest city: Caral
  • fishing economy and squash, beans and guava
  • only import from outside maize
  • lacked defensive walls
  • did not develop pottery and writing
31
Q

Indus Valley

A
  • no palaces, temples, elaborate graves, kings or warrior classes which meant there was little evidence of hierarchy or centralized state
  • common patterns: standardized weights, measures, architectural styles.
  • a serious of small republics, ruled by priests, an early form of the caste system
  • environmental impact: repeated irrigation increased the amount of salt in the soil and lowered crop yields
32
Q

Xia, Shang, and Zhou

A
  • —-Xia
  • 2070 - 1600 B.C.E.
  • —-Shang
  • 1600 - 1046 B.C.E.
  • —-Zhou
  • 1046 - 771 B.C.E

-rulers known as the Son of Heaven

33
Q

Central Asian/ Oxus

A
  • after 2200 B.C.E.
  • based on irrigation culture and stock raising
  • culture expressed in its architecture, ceramics, burial techniques, seals and more but did not develop a literature culture
  • Central Asian civilization was known as a focal point of “Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and commercial exchange”
34
Q

Olmec

A
  • around 1200 B.C.E.
  • along the coast of Gulf of Mexico
  • economy based on agriculture of maize, beans, squash
  • arose from a series of competing chiefdoms
35
Q

Mohenjo Daro and Harappa

A
  • sister city Harappa
  • 2000 B.C.E.
  • streets had a grid like pattern
  • sewage system
  • indoor plumbing
  • large houses with two or three stories

AP WORLD HISTORY (2 decks)

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