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AP WORLD HISTORY > CH 1: FIRST PEOPLE, FIRST FARMERS > Flashcards

CH 1: FIRST PEOPLE, FIRST FARMERS Flashcards

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1
Q

Compared to agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be _____ ______.

A

less mobile

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2
Q

Where did pastoralism first emerge?

A

Afro-Eurasia

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3
Q

Compared to hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists tended to be _____ ________.

A

more socially stratified.

(Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a category. Hierarchy and inequality purely existed in agriculturalist societies)

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4
Q

What is an effect the switch to agriculture had on food supplies?

A

Food supply became more reliable but not necessarily more diversified.

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5
Q

How did pastoralists change warfare in agriculture civilizations?

A

By spreading new weapons and modes of transportation.

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6
Q

How did agriculture develop during the Neolithic Revolution?

A

It was a gradual process, developing independently in different parts of the world.

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7
Q

Ancestor worship, totemism, shamanism, and animism are concepts all associated with

A

polytheism

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8
Q

The Agricultural Revolution gave birth to

A

permanent dwellings, domesticated animals, and farming technology

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9
Q

What was most Neolithic technology related to?

A

farming

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10
Q

In what way might civilization have prompted the development of family and marriage laws?

A

Civilization produced a new understanding of property.

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11
Q

What did the Neolithic Revolution directly produce?

A

Division of labor, economic organization, and more complex government.

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12
Q

The first civilizations developed in geographic areas where

A

agriculture flourished.

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13
Q

What are civilizations?

A

Large societies with cities and powerful states.

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14
Q

What aspect of agricultural societies led to the development of social class and specialization of labor?

A

Surpluses of food and other resources.

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15
Q

What is an environmental change that would most likely be associated with a pastoralist society?

A

Erosion of grassland from overgrazing.

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16
Q

Why was the initial development of long-distance trade important in the Fertile Crescent?

A

Resources like timber for building and certain minerals were scarce in the river valleys.

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17
Q

Why was the planting of grains and vegetables important for people during the Neolithic Revolution?

A

It provided a reliable food source throughout the year.

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18
Q

At the end of the last ice age around 10,000 B.C.E., the major change that occurred was

A

the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

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19
Q

What are some common elements of complex societies?

A

A distinct religious structure, an organized government bureaucracy, and some kind of military force/ institution.

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20
Q

What tools would you expect to find at a Neolithic village?

A

Pestles, mortars, grindstones,

copper sickles, hoes, flint blades, and arrows.

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21
Q

What describes a religious or spiritual aspect of Paleolithic culture?

A

A cyclical view of time that emphasized regeneration and disintegration

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22
Q

The Agricultural Revolution occurred independently in various parts of the world between ______ and ______ years ago.

A

12,000 and 4,000 years ago

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23
Q

What was a feature of society during the Paleolithic era?

A

Relative egalitarianism

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24
Q

Define egalitarianism.

A

The doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

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25
Q

In contrast to the people who migrated to the Americas, the Austronesian migrants to the Pacific islands ____ _____ _____ ____ ____.

A

brought domesticated animals with them.

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26
Q

What is a chiefdom?

A

societal groupings governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people

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27
Q

a complex worldview of Australia’s Aboriginal people that held that current humans live in a vibration or echo of ancestral happenings

A

Dreamtime

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28
Q

Region sometimes known as Southwest Asia that includes the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/ Palestine, and southern Turkey; the earliest home of agriculture

A

Fertile Crescent

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29
Q

A ceremonial site compromising 20 circles made up of craved limestone pillars located in southwestern Turkey. The site, which dates to 11, 600 years ago, was built by gathering and hunting peoples who lived at least part of the year in settles villages

A

Göbekli Tepe

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30
Q

The gradual spread of agricultural techniques without extensive population movement

A

diffusion

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31
Q

An important Neolithic site in what is now Turkey; dead buried underneath houses, no streets, people moved around on rooftops.

A

Çatalhüyük

32
Q

The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started about 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millenia

A

Bantu migration

33
Q

A Chinese archaeological site where the remains of a significant Neolithic village have been found

A

Banpo

34
Q

The earliest and widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from a particular kind of projectile point

A

Clovis culture

35
Q

The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. These people settles the Pacific islands and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago

A

Austronesian migrations

36
Q

The last surviving member of a gathering and hunting group known as the Yahi who lived in northern California. His people were driven into extinction during the second half of the nineteenth century by the intrusion of farming and herding “civilized” societies

A

Ishi

37
Q

Dying out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels, that occurred around 11,000 to 10,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or by the changing climate of the era.

A

Megafaual extinction

38
Q

Term coined by the scholar Marshal Sahlins in 1972 to describe Paleolithic societies, which he regarded as affluent not because they had so much but because they wanted or needed so little.

A

“the original affluent society”

affluent: having a great deal of money; wealthy.

39
Q

The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods as well as growing inequalities in society

A

Paleolithic settling down

40
Q

Human societies that rely on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than setting permanently in a single location

A

pastoral societies

41
Q

A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began about 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power

A

“secondary products revolution”

42
Q

In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a bridge between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances by psychoactive drugs

A

shaman

43
Q

psychoactive drug used by Australian Aboriginials

A

pituri

44
Q

The wild ancestor of maize

A

teosinte

45
Q

In San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being’s inner spiritual potency to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. The practice was apparently common to the Khoisan people, of whom the Ju/’hoansi are a surviving remnant

A

trance dance

46
Q

Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomach, which may have had religious significance

A

Venus figurines

47
Q

What was a feature of a chiefdom?

A

Collecting tribute from commoners but keeping enough to maintain their prestigious positions

48
Q

What did migrants to Australia and the Pacific Islands use to get to their destinations?

A

Boats

49
Q

What role did women plat in agricultural village societies?

A

Women participated in farming and textile work.

50
Q

What was a point of departure for migration to the Americas and how did they get there?

A

Eastern Siberia and believed to have gotten there through land bridges

51
Q

What is a quality that describes both pastoral and agricultural village societies?

A

Both possessed relatively egalitarian social structures with few social distinctions.

52
Q

What is one way Paleolithic humans altered their environment?

A

They deliberately set fires to encourage to growth of particular plants.

53
Q

How did the Ice Age affect Paleolithic peoples?

A

The lower sea levels associated with the Ice Age created land bridges, allowing human beings to travel to many regions on earth.

54
Q

What is an example of evidence that Paleolithic peoples were shifting from a nomadic way of life to a more settled lifestyle?

A

Elaborate burial sites

55
Q

Which of the following is true of both the Paleolithic era and the Age of Agriculture?
A) The prevalence of female imagery
B) The power of priests
C) The modification of the genetic composition of plants
D) The spread of permanent settlements

A

A) The prevalence of female imagery

56
Q

How did the north/ south orientation of the Americas affect the unfolding of the Agricultural Revolution in that part of the world?

A

Crops were slow to spread because they had to adapt to different climatic and vegetation zones

57
Q

Which of the following was an important development during the Paleolithic period?
A) Humankind created the first alphabet.
B) Humankind migrated to different parts of the world.
C) Humankind established the first civilizations.
D) Humankind developed ironworking technologies.

A

B) Humankind migrated to different parts of the world.

58
Q

What is a factor that contributed to the Agricultural Revolution?

A

A need for additional food

59
Q

What distinguished the Agricultural Revolution in the Americas from the Agricultural Revolution elsewhere?

A

The scarcity of animals that could be domesticated

60
Q

What was the result of the spread of agriculture through diffusion and migration

A

The spread of language groups

61
Q

Why could some regions not make the transition to an agricultural way of life?

A

Environmental conditions were not suitable for farming

62
Q 
Which of the following was a result of the Agricultural Revolution?
A) The initial settlement of the earth
B) The invention of the plow
C) Higher risk of disease and famine
D) The decline of trade
A

C) Higher risk of disease and famine

63
Q

Why was conflict frequent between pastoral societies and agricultural societies?

A

Pastoral societies wanted the food crops and manufactured goods by agricultural societies.

64
Q

What is animal husbandry, and what type of society is it a feature of?

A

Animal husbandry is the breeding of animals and it is a feature of pastoral societies.

65
Q

What common feature did pastoral and agricultural societies share?

A

Organization of society based on kinship

66
Q

What form of society during the Age of Agriculture is considered to have a distinct element of inequality?

A

Chiefdoms

67
Q

What is another name for the Agricultural Revolution?

A

Neolithic Revolution

68
Q

What is the earliest evidence of humans in Africa?

A

The processing of ochre, a clay, in Blombos Cave, South Africa.

69
Q 
Humans in the Paleolithic era already had the knowledge to do which of the following?
A) Make pottery
B) Harvest wool
C) Ride horses
D) Make wine
A

A) Make pottery

70
Q 
Which of the following is the earliest evidence that gathering and hunting peoples were starting to make the transition to agriculture?
A) Maize
B) Sickles
C) Canoes
D) Milk
A

B) Sickles.

A sickle is a farming tool.

71
Q

The Clovis culture of North America provides evidence of _____ _____ ___ _ ___ ___.

A

cultural diffusion over a large area.

72
Q

Which of the following describes a development associated with the migration of Austronesian-speaking peoples throughout the Pacific?
A) The dependence on ice bridges to reach their destinations
B) The emergence of chiefdoms in the regions where they settled
C) The preservation of the ecosystem and natural habitats
D) The egalitarianism of the societies that emerged

A

B) The emergence of chiefdoms in the regions where they settled

73
Q

How did Austronesian migrations differ from other early patterns of human movement?

A

Austronesian migrations were undertaken by people who already carried domesticated plants and animals in their canoes.

74
Q

Why did some Paleolithic peoples abandon earlier, more nomadic ways and begin to live a more settled life?

A
  • Societies became larger and more complex which made it more difficult to leave a settlement
  • Due to improved conditions, it was easier to settle down.
75
Q

In what ways did agriculture spread? Where and why was it sometimes resisted?

A

Agriculture spread through diffusion and the slow colonization or migration of peoples. Most people that resisted agriculture lived in areas that could not support farming lifestyles.

AP WORLD HISTORY (2 decks)

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