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Animal Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Ch 2 (Chemistry) > Flashcards

Ch 2 (Chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

-anything that has mass & occupies space
-composed of elements

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2
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit of an element

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3
Q

atomic number =

A

the number of protons

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4
Q

ion

A

atom that gains or loses an electron

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5
Q

cations

A

-positive charge
-lost 1 or more electrons

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6
Q

anions

A

-negative charge
-gained one or more electrons

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7
Q

isotope

A

atom that has gained or lost one or more neutrons

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8
Q

first electron shell

A

holds 2 electrons

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9
Q

second electron shell

A

holds 8 electrons

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10
Q

atoms are most stable when

A

electron shells are completely full

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10
Q

molecule is formed when:

A

2 or more atoms bond

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11
Q

compound is composed of:

A

2 or more different elements

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12
Q

molecule:

A

smallest unit of a compound

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13
Q

chemical bond

A

sharing or transference of electrons between two atoms

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14
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A

-covalent
-ionic
-hydrogen

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15
Q

covalent bonds are formed when:

A

electrons are shared

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16
Q

ionic bonds are formed when:

A

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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17
Q

weak bonds are formed by:

A

electrostatic attraction between 2 hydrogen atoms

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18
Q

hydrogen bonds form:

A

in large molecules (protein/DNA) to help stabilize the complex molecular structure

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19
Q

chemical reactions:

A

formation & breaking of chemical bonds

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20
Q

3 types of chemical reactions

A

synthesis(anabolism), decomposition(catabolism), exchange of reactions (catabolism followed by anabolism

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21
Q

what influences the rate of a reaction

A

-concentration of reactants
-temp of the environment
-lower activation energy
-presence of a catalyst protein(enzymes)

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22
Q

organic compounds include:

A
  • C-C & C-H bonds
    -covalent bonding
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23
Q

organic compounds are categorized as:

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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24
Q

water

A

-universal solvent
-ideal transport in living systems

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25
Q

hydrophilic

A

chemicals that dissolve in water

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26
Q

hydrophobic

A

chemicals that don’t dissolve in water

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27
Q

Salts

A

-mineral compounds w/ ionic bonds
-immediately ionize when added to water

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28
Q

Acids

A

-ionically bonded substances
-known as proton donors
-release hydrogen ions when added to water

29
Q

Bases

A

-alkaline
-ionically bonded
-release hydroxyl when added to water
-proton acceptors

30
Q

1

A

acidic

31
Q

14

A

basic

32
Q

7.0

A

neutral

33
Q

blood pH

A

7.4

34
Q

what is measured on a pH scale

A

acidity & alkalinity

35
Q

buffers

A

-weak acids & bases, do not fully ionize in water
-help keep pH in neutral range
-does not let excessive levels of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions accumulate in tissues

36
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Contain chains of hydrocarbons

37
Q

4 groups of organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and nucleic acids

38
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Ribose

39
Q

Disaccharides are produced by

A

Joining two monosaccharides together via dehydration synthesis

40
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Combinations of many monosaccharides, produced via dehydration synthesis

41
Q

Four Lipid Groups

A

Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids

42
Q

What are single bonded fatty acids at room temperature

A

Saturated/solid (fat)

43
Q

What are double bonded fatty acids at room temperature

A

Unsaturated/Oils

44
Q

The phosphate head is

A

Hydrophilic (Water Soluble)

45
Q

Two fatty acids are

A

Hydrophobic

46
Q

Proteins

A
  1. The most abundant organic molecule in the body
  2. Function to control and regulate chemical reactions, growth and immunity
47
Q

True or False:
The order of amino acids is defined in the genetic code and determines function of the protein

A

True

48
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Largest molecules in the body

49
Q

Two types of nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) + Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

50
Q

DNA contains

A

The genetic code that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins

51
Q

RNA transcribes genetic code

A

and transports it from the nucleus to the cytosol where it builds proteins via translation

52
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
(Energy currency of the cell)

53
Q

Hydrogen

A

-Electrostatic attraction between molecules
-No sharing or transfer of electrons

54
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A
  • catabolic process
    -chemical bonds broken
    -releases energy
    -Ex: digestion
55
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

-bonds broken + formed
-releases then reuses energy
-new molecule created by exchange or “partners”
Ex: protein synthesis

56
Q

Rate of Reaction

A

-Temperature: Increase temp=increase speed
-Lower activation energy-less energy required=increase speed

57
Q

Organic Chemical Compounds

A

-Include C-C and C-H bonds
-Covalent Bonds

58
Q

Inorganic Chemical Compounds

A

-No C-C or C-H bonds
-No carbon present
-Ionic bonds

59
Q

Water

A

-Polar molecule allows hydrogen bonding
-Considered universal solvent
-Ideal transport medium in body

60
Q

Salts

A

-Ionize quickly in water
-Electrolytes in body

61
Q

Acids

A

-Ionic bonds
-proton donor
-Function to maintain acid/base balance

62
Q

Bases

A

-Ionic Bonds
-Proton acceptor

63
Q

Acidity/Alkalinity

A

-Measured on a Ph scale
1-highly acidic
7-neutral
14-highly alkaline

64
Q

Buffers

A

Weak acids or bases that do not fully ionize

65
Q

Carbohydrates

A

-Carbon electron sharing allows many forms
-Monosaccharides- glucose, fructose
-Disaccharides- sucrose, lactose
-Polysaccharides-glycogen, cellulose
-Functions-energy, energy storage, cell structure

66
Q

Proteins

A

cell structure, immune function, hormones, act as enzymes to control reactions

67
Q

Nucleic acids (DNA)

A

Contains genetic code

68
Q

Nucleic Acids (RNA)

A

Transcribes (copies) code
Transports from nucleus to cytosol
New molecule “built” in cytosol

69
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

-Stores energy obtained through digestion of nutrients
-ATP»>ADP»>AMP

Animal Anatomy & Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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