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Animal Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Ch 2 (Chemistry) > Flashcards

Ch 2 (Chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

-anything that has mass & occupies space
-composed of elements

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2
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit of an element

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3
Q

atomic number =

A

the number of protons

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4
Q

ion

A

atom that gains or loses an electron

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5
Q

cations

A

-positive charge
-lost 1 or more electrons

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6
Q

anions

A

-negative charge
-gained one or more electrons

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7
Q

isotope

A

atom that has gained or lost one or more neutrons

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8
Q

first electron shell

A

holds 2 electrons

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9
Q

second electron shell

A

holds 8 electrons

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10
Q

atoms are most stable when

A

electron shells are completely full

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10
Q

molecule is formed when:

A

2 or more atoms bond

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11
Q

compound is composed of:

A

2 or more different elements

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12
Q

molecule:

A

smallest unit of a compound

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13
Q

chemical bond

A

sharing or transference of electrons between two atoms

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14
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A

-covalent
-ionic
-hydrogen

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15
Q

covalent bonds are formed when:

A

electrons are shared

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16
Q

ionic bonds are formed when:

A

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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17
Q

weak bonds are formed by:

A

electrostatic attraction between 2 hydrogen atoms

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18
Q

hydrogen bonds form:

A

in large molecules (protein/DNA) to help stabilize the complex molecular structure

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19
Q

chemical reactions:

A

formation & breaking of chemical bonds

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20
Q

3 types of chemical reactions

A

synthesis(anabolism), decomposition(catabolism), exchange of reactions (catabolism followed by anabolism

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21
Q

what influences the rate of a reaction

A

-concentration of reactants
-temp of the environment
-lower activation energy
-presence of a catalyst protein(enzymes)

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22
Q

organic compounds include:

A
  • C-C & C-H bonds
    -covalent bonding
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23
Q

organic compounds are categorized as:

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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24
water
-universal solvent -ideal transport in living systems
25
hydrophilic
chemicals that dissolve in water
26
hydrophobic
chemicals that don't dissolve in water
27
Salts
-mineral compounds w/ ionic bonds -immediately ionize when added to water
28
Acids
-ionically bonded substances -known as proton donors -release hydrogen ions when added to water
29
Bases
-alkaline -ionically bonded -release hydroxyl when added to water -proton acceptors
30
1
acidic
31
14
basic
32
7.0
neutral
33
blood pH
7.4
34
what is measured on a pH scale
acidity & alkalinity
35
buffers
-weak acids & bases, do not fully ionize in water -help keep pH in neutral range -does not let excessive levels of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions accumulate in tissues
36
Organic Molecules
Contain chains of hydrocarbons
37
4 groups of organic compounds
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and nucleic acids
38
Monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Ribose
39
Disaccharides are produced by
Joining two monosaccharides together via dehydration synthesis
40
Polysaccharides
Combinations of many monosaccharides, produced via dehydration synthesis
41
Four Lipid Groups
Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids
42
What are single bonded fatty acids at room temperature
Saturated/solid (fat)
43
What are double bonded fatty acids at room temperature
Unsaturated/Oils
44
The phosphate head is
Hydrophilic (Water Soluble)
45
Two fatty acids are
Hydrophobic
46
Proteins
1. The most abundant organic molecule in the body 2. Function to control and regulate chemical reactions, growth and immunity
47
True or False: The order of amino acids is defined in the genetic code and determines function of the protein
True
48
Nucleic Acids
Largest molecules in the body
49
Two types of nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) + Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
50
DNA contains
The genetic code that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins
51
RNA transcribes genetic code
and transports it from the nucleus to the cytosol where it builds proteins via translation
52
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (Energy currency of the cell)
53
Hydrogen
-Electrostatic attraction between molecules -No sharing or transfer of electrons
54
Decomposition Reaction
- catabolic process -chemical bonds broken -releases energy -Ex: digestion
55
Exchange Reaction
-bonds broken + formed -releases then reuses energy -new molecule created by exchange or "partners" Ex: protein synthesis
56
Rate of Reaction
-Temperature: Increase temp=increase speed -Lower activation energy-less energy required=increase speed
57
Organic Chemical Compounds
-Include C-C and C-H bonds -Covalent Bonds
58
Inorganic Chemical Compounds
-No C-C or C-H bonds -No carbon present -Ionic bonds
59
Water
-Polar molecule allows hydrogen bonding -Considered universal solvent -Ideal transport medium in body
60
Salts
-Ionize quickly in water -Electrolytes in body
61
Acids
-Ionic bonds -proton donor -Function to maintain acid/base balance
62
Bases
-Ionic Bonds -Proton acceptor
63
Acidity/Alkalinity
-Measured on a Ph scale 1-highly acidic 7-neutral 14-highly alkaline
64
Buffers
Weak acids or bases that do not fully ionize
65
Carbohydrates
-Carbon electron sharing allows many forms -Monosaccharides- glucose, fructose -Disaccharides- sucrose, lactose -Polysaccharides-glycogen, cellulose -Functions-energy, energy storage, cell structure
66
Proteins
cell structure, immune function, hormones, act as enzymes to control reactions
67
Nucleic acids (DNA)
Contains genetic code
68
Nucleic Acids (RNA)
Transcribes (copies) code Transports from nucleus to cytosol New molecule "built" in cytosol
69
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
-Stores energy obtained through digestion of nutrients -ATP>>>ADP>>>AMP

Animal Anatomy & Physiology 1 (11 decks)

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