Anatomical & Directional Terms Flashcards
Cranial
towards the head
Caudal
towards the tail
Rostral
towards the nose (only used on the head)
Dorsal
towards the back of the animal/ towards the spine
Ventral
towards the underside of the animal
Lateral
towards the outside of the animal
Medial
towards the middle of the animal
Superficial
near the surface
Deep
far beneath the surface
Proximal
closer to the body, usually on the limbs
Distal
further from the body, usually on the limbs
Recumbent
lying down
Dorsal Recumbency
lying on back
ventral or sternal recumbency
lying on stomach
lateral (left or right) recumbency
lying on side
palmar
caudal surface of front legs
plantar
caudal surface of hind legs
abdominal
pertains to abdomen
appendicular
relates to limbs and their attachments to the torso
axial
related to the head, neck and trunk
cervical
pertaining to the neck area (cervical vertebrae)
coccygeal
tail or vertebrae of the tail
cranium
part of the skull that encases the brain
digital
where the toes/toe bones are located
inguinal
groin or medial aspect of the rear leg
lumbar
lumbar vertebrae or region around them
mammary
mammary glands
nasal
pertains to the nose
oral
pertains to the mouth
orbital
bony eye socket (orbit)
abduction
move limb away from the middle of body
adduction
move limb towards the middle of body
extension
straightening
flexion
bending
saggital plane
divides into left and right parts (unequal)
median plane
divides into equal left and right parts
transverse plane
divides into cranial and caudal
dorsal plane
divides into dorsal and ventral
Cellular
- carry out all functions
- single cell environment determines survival
- complex animal division of labor creates suitable internal environment
4 basic tissue types
-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous
Epithelial
-covers body surfaces & secretes &nabsorbs substances
-internal & external
-function depends on location
-cover (skin)
-secrete (glands)
-absorb (GI tract)
connective
-connects tissue types
-provides support
- composed of living (cellular) & nonliving components
Muscle
-internal & external motion
-skeletal- voluntary, striated
-cardiac- involuntary, striated
-smooth- involuntary, non striated
Nervous
-controls body functions
-Transit information
-periphery to CNS or CNS to periphery
organ
collection/group of TISSUES working for common purpose
System
collection/group of ORGANS working for common purpose
health
proper function/ interaction between cells, tissues, organs & systems
Homeostasis
-maintenance of balance in the body
constant/ dynamic adaption to internal & external environment
anatomy
form & structure
Physiology
describes function
left & right
animals left & right
proximal
close to body (only on limb)
distal
further from body (only on limb)
barrel
trunk of body formed by ribcage and abdomen
brisket
ventral base of neck between front legs
cannon
large metacarpal/metatarsal of hoofed animals
fetlock
joint between cannon bone & proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
flank
lateral surface of abdomen between the last rib and the hind leg
hock
tarsus
knee
carpus of hoofed animals
muzzle
rostral part of face formed mainly by the maxillary & nasal bones
pastern
area of proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
poll
top of the head between the bases of the ears
stifle
joint equivalent to the human knee
tailhead
dorsal part of the base of the tail
withers
area dorsal to scapula
dorsal body cavities
contains brain and spinal cord
ventral body cavity
contains thoracic cavity & abdominal cavity separated by the diaphragm
appendicular skeleton
part of skeleton that refers to the limbs