CH 2 - Chemical Principles

Question 1

The smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction.

Answer 1

Atom

Question 2

A combination of atoms forming a specific chemical compound.

Answer 2

Molecule

Question 3

The science of the interactions between atoms and molecules.

Answer 3

Chemistry

Question 4

The part of an atom consisting of the protons and neutrons.

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

A negatively charged particle in motion around the nucleus of an atom.

Answer 5

Electron

Question 6

A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

Answer 6

Proton

Question 7

An uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

Answer 7

Neutron

Question 8

What are the 3 main parts of an Atom?

Answer 8

• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

Question 9

Atomic Number

Answer 9

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 10

Atomic Mass

Answer 10

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 11

A fundamental substance composed of atoms that have the same atomic number and behave the same way chemically.

Answer 11

Chemical Element

Question 12

A form of a chemical element in which the number of neutrons in the nucleus is different from the other forms of that element.

Answer 12

Isotope

Question 13

A region of an atom where electrons orbit the nucleus, corresponding to an energy level.

Answer 13

Electron Shell

Question 14

Potential energy of an electron in an atom.

Answer 14

Energy Level

Question 15

Electronic Configuration

Answer 15

The arrangement of electrons in shells or energy level in an atom.

Question 16

Valence

Answer 16

The combined capacity of an atom or a molecule.

Question 17

A substance composed of two or more different chemical elements.

Answer 17

Compound /

Compound Element

Question 18

An attractive force between atoms forming a molecule.

Answer 18

Chemical Bond

Question 19

In what two ways do atoms form bonds?

Answer 19

Ionic (gain or lost their outer electron shell)

or Covalent bonds (when outer electrons are shared)

Question 20

A negatively or positively charged atom or group of atoms

Answer 20

Ion(s)

Question 21

A chemical bond formed when atoms gain or lose electrons in the outer energy levels.

Answer 21

Ionic Bond

Question 22

Cation

Answer 22

Positively charged Ions.

Question 23

Anions

Answer 23

Negatively charged Ions.

Question 24

A chemical bond in which the electrons of one atom are shared with another atom.

Answer 24

Covalent Bonds

Question 25

A bond between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to oxygen or nitrogen and another covalently bonded oxygen or nitrogen atom.

Answer 25

Hydrogen Bond

Question 26

What is the difference between Covalent Bonds and Ionic Bonds?

Answer 26

* Covalent Bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. * Ionic Bonds are formed by attraction between atoms that have lost or gained electrons and are therefor positively or negatively charged.

Question 27

The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms making up a molecule.

Answer 27

Molecular Mass

Question 28

An amount of a chemical equal to the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the chemical.

Answer 28

Mole

Question 29

The measure of molecular mass; equals 1g/mole.

Answer 29

Dalton (da)

Question 30

The process of making or breaking bonds between atoms

Answer 30

Chemical Reaction

Question 31

A chemical reaction that requires energy; It absorbs more energy than it releases.

Answer 31

Endergonic Reaction

Question 32

A chemical reaction that releases energy; It releases more energy than it absorbs.

Answer 32

Exergonic Reaction

Question 33

A chemical reaction in which two or more atoms combine to form a new, larger molecule.

Answer 33

Synthesis Reaction

Question 34

All synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones.

Answer 34

Anabolism

Question 35

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken to produce smaller farts from a large molecule.

Answer 35

Decomposition Reaction

Question 36

All decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler one.

Answer 36

Catabolism

Question 37

A chemical reaction in which the end-products can readily revert to the original molecules.

Answer 37

Reversible Reaction

Question 38

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charges.

Answer 38

Polar Molecule

Question 39

A dissolving medium.

Answer 39

Solvent

Question 40

The separation of a compound into positive and negative ions in solution.

Answer 40

Dissociation

Question 41

A substance dissolved in another substance.

Answer 41

Solute

Question 42

The dissociation of a molecule into ions.

Answer 42

Ionization

Question 43

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more negative ions.

Answer 43

Acid | anions

Question 44

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH2) and one or more positive ions.

Answer 44

Base | cations

Question 45

A substance that dissolves in water to cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-.

Answer 45

Salt

Question 46

A measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Answer 46

pH

Question 47

A substance that tends to stabilize the pH of a solution.

Answer 47

Buffer

Question 48

The basic chain or ring of carbon atoms in a molecule.

Answer 48

Carbon Skeleton

Question 49

An arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule that is responsible for most of the chemical properties of that molecule.

Answer 49

Functional Groups of Atoms

Question 50

A molecule consisting of a sequence of similar molecules, or monomers.

Answer 50

Polymer

Question 51

A large organic molecule.

Answer 51

Macromolecule

Question 52

A small molecule that collectively combines to form polymers.

Answer 52

Monomer

Question 53

A chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released.

Answer 53

Condensation Reaction or Dehydration Synthesis

Question 54

An organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It's principal function is to fuel cell activities with a ready source of energy.

Answer 54

Carbohydrates

Question 55

A simple sugar consisting of 3-7 carbon atoms.

Answer 55

Monosaccharides | sacchar = sugar

Question 56

A sugar consisting of two simple sugars, or monosaccharides.

Answer 56

Disaccharide | di = two

Question 57

One or Two molecules with the same chemical but different structures.

Answer 57

Isomer | iso = same

Question 58

A decomposition reaction in which chemicals react with H+ and 0H- of a water molecule.

Answer 58

Hydrolysis | hydro = water; lysis= to loosen

Question 59

A carbohydrate consisting of 8 or more monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis.

Answer 59

Polysaccharide

Question 60

What are the 3 groups of Carbohydrates?

Answer 60

* Monosaccharides * Disaccharides * Polysaccharides

Question 61

A non-water-soluble organic molecule. | (triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Answer 61

Lipids

Question 62

A specific group of lipids that are important constituents of the plasma membrane of animal cells.

Answer 62

Steroids

Question 63

A large molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some also contain sulfur.

Answer 63

Proteins

Question 64

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.

Answer 64

Amino acid.

Question 65

Two molecules consisting of the same atoms, arranged in the same manner but different in their relative positions; mirror images.

Answer 65

Stereoisomers

Question 66

A bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule.

Answer 66

Peptide Bond

Question 67

What are the 4 levels of organization for protein structures?

Answer 67

1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary

Question 68

A change in the molecular structure of a protein, usually making it nonfunctional.

Answer 68

Denaturation

Question 69

The nucleic acid of genetic material in all cells and some viruses.

Answer 69

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 70

The class of nucleic acids that comprises messenger ___, ribosomal ___, and transfer ___.

Answer 70

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 71

A macromolecule consisting of nucleotides.

Answer 71

Nucleic acid

Question 72

A compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate.

Answer 72

Nucleotide

Question 73

A five-carbon sugar contained in DNA nucleotides.

Answer 73

Deoxyribose

Question 74

``` The class of nucleic acid bases that includes adenine and guanine. (A and G) ```

Answer 74

Purines