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MicroBiology 130 > CH 2 - Chemical Principles > Flashcards

CH 2 - Chemical Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

The smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction.

A

Atom

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2
Q

A combination of atoms forming a specific chemical compound.

A

Molecule

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3
Q

The science of the interactions between atoms and molecules.

A

Chemistry

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4
Q

The part of an atom consisting of the protons and neutrons.

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

A negatively charged particle in motion around the nucleus of an atom.

A

Electron

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6
Q

A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

A

Proton

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7
Q

An uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

A

Neutron

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8
Q

What are the 3 main parts of an Atom?

A
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
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9
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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10
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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11
Q

A fundamental substance composed of atoms that have the same atomic number and behave the same way chemically.

A

Chemical Element

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12
Q

A form of a chemical element in which the number of neutrons in the nucleus is different from the other forms of that element.

A

Isotope

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13
Q

A region of an atom where electrons orbit the nucleus, corresponding to an energy level.

A

Electron Shell

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14
Q

Potential energy of an electron in an atom.

A

Energy Level

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15
Q

Electronic Configuration

A

The arrangement of electrons in shells or energy level in an atom.

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16
Q

Valence

A

The combined capacity of an atom or a molecule.

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17
Q

A substance composed of two or more different chemical elements.

A

Compound /

Compound Element

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18
Q

An attractive force between atoms forming a molecule.

A

Chemical Bond

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19
Q

In what two ways do atoms form bonds?

A

Ionic (gain or lost their outer electron shell)

or Covalent bonds (when outer electrons are shared)

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20
Q

A negatively or positively charged atom or group of atoms

A

Ion(s)

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21
Q

A chemical bond formed when atoms gain or lose electrons in the outer energy levels.

A

Ionic Bond

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22
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged Ions.

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23
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged Ions.

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24
Q

A chemical bond in which the electrons of one atom are shared with another atom.

A

Covalent Bonds

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25
Q

A bond between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to oxygen or nitrogen and another covalently bonded oxygen or nitrogen atom.

A

Hydrogen Bond

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26
Q

What is the difference between Covalent Bonds and Ionic Bonds?

A
  • Covalent Bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
  • Ionic Bonds are formed by attraction between atoms that have lost or gained electrons and are therefor positively or negatively charged.
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27
Q

The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms making up a molecule.

A

Molecular Mass

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28
Q

An amount of a chemical equal to the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the chemical.

A

Mole

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29
Q

The measure of molecular mass; equals 1g/mole.

A

Dalton (da)

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30
Q

The process of making or breaking bonds between atoms

A

Chemical Reaction

31
Q

A chemical reaction that requires energy; It absorbs more energy than it releases.

A

Endergonic Reaction

32
Q

A chemical reaction that releases energy; It releases more energy than it absorbs.

A

Exergonic Reaction

33
Q

A chemical reaction in which two or more atoms combine to form a new, larger molecule.

A

Synthesis Reaction

34
Q

All synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones.

A

Anabolism

35
Q

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken to produce smaller farts from a large molecule.

A

Decomposition Reaction

36
Q

All decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler one.

A

Catabolism

37
Q

A chemical reaction in which the end-products can readily revert to the original molecules.

A

Reversible Reaction

38
Q

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charges.

A

Polar Molecule

39
Q

A dissolving medium.

A

Solvent

40
Q

The separation of a compound into positive and negative ions in solution.

A

Dissociation

41
Q

A substance dissolved in another substance.

A

Solute

42
Q

The dissociation of a molecule into ions.

A

Ionization

43
Q

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more negative ions.

A

Acid

anions

44
Q

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH2) and one or more positive ions.

A

Base

cations

45
Q

A substance that dissolves in water to cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-.

A

Salt

46
Q

A measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

A

pH

47
Q

A substance that tends to stabilize the pH of a solution.

A

Buffer

48
Q

The basic chain or ring of carbon atoms in a molecule.

A

Carbon Skeleton

49
Q

An arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule that is responsible for most of the chemical properties of that molecule.

A

Functional Groups of Atoms

50
Q

A molecule consisting of a sequence of similar molecules, or monomers.

A

Polymer

51
Q

A large organic molecule.

A

Macromolecule

52
Q

A small molecule that collectively combines to form polymers.

A

Monomer

53
Q

A chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released.

A

Condensation Reaction or Dehydration Synthesis

54
Q

An organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It’s principal function is to fuel cell activities with a ready source of energy.

A

Carbohydrates

55
Q

A simple sugar consisting of 3-7 carbon atoms.

A

Monosaccharides

sacchar = sugar

56
Q

A sugar consisting of two simple sugars, or monosaccharides.

A

Disaccharide

di = two

57
Q

One or Two molecules with the same chemical but different structures.

A

Isomer

iso = same

58
Q

A decomposition reaction in which chemicals react with H+ and 0H- of a water molecule.

A

Hydrolysis

hydro = water; lysis= to loosen

59
Q

A carbohydrate consisting of 8 or more monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis.

A

Polysaccharide

60
Q

What are the 3 groups of Carbohydrates?

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
61
Q

A non-water-soluble organic molecule.

(triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

A

Lipids

62
Q

A specific group of lipids that are important constituents of the plasma membrane of animal cells.

A

Steroids

63
Q

A large molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some also contain sulfur.

A

Proteins

64
Q

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.

A

Amino acid.

65
Q

Two molecules consisting of the same atoms, arranged in the same manner but different in their relative positions; mirror images.

A

Stereoisomers

66
Q

A bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule.

A

Peptide Bond

67
Q

What are the 4 levels of organization for protein structures?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary
68
Q

A change in the molecular structure of a protein, usually making it nonfunctional.

A

Denaturation

69
Q

The nucleic acid of genetic material in all cells and some viruses.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

70
Q

The class of nucleic acids that comprises messenger ___, ribosomal ___, and transfer ___.

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

71
Q

A macromolecule consisting of nucleotides.

A

Nucleic acid

72
Q

A compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate.

A

Nucleotide

73
Q

A five-carbon sugar contained in DNA nucleotides.

A

Deoxyribose

74
Q 
The class of nucleic acid bases that includes adenine and guanine. 
(A and G)
A

Purines

MicroBiology 130 (2 decks)

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