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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch. 2 Chemical Basis For Life > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Chemical Basis For Life Flashcards

0
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

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1
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Ancient bacteria that have survived the harsh, oxygen-free environment of young earth. In hotsprings, salt flats, and the intestines of mammals, there are still some forms that exist today.

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2
Q

Elements

A

What composes matter and cannot be divided by ordinary chemical processes into another substance. 112 total and only 92 occur in nature. Two hypothetical elements 114 and 116. 113 and 115 have not been discovered.

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3
Q

Chemical symbol

A

What each element is referred to, deriving from it’s name in English, Latin, or Greek.

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4
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties if the element.

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5
Q

Proton

A

Smaller subatomic particle that have a positive charge. Used to determine atomic weight

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6
Q

Neutron

A

Smaller subatomic particle with no electrical charge. Used to determine atomic weight.

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7
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

Center of the atom where the atoms and protons collect

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8
Q

Atomic weight

A

The total weight of protons and neutrons in an atom. Each neutron and proton have an atomic mass of one.

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atom

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10
Q

Ion

A

The charge of an atom when the gain or lose an electron.

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms that contain a different number of neutrons.

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12
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

Spontaneously emits particles of energy at a constant rate and thereby changes into a stable, non-radioactive element.

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13
Q

Rate of decay

A

The rate at which a radioactive isotopes emit energy.

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14
Q

Electron shell

A

Area around the nucleus where the electrons have their most likely positions

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15
Q

Molecule

A

Smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of the compound. When atoms of different elements join together.

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16
Q

Compound

A

Many molecules

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17
Q

Chemical bond

A

The atoms are sharing or transferring electrons between them.

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18
Q

Covalent bond

A

This bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

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19
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule with oppositely charged ends

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20
Q

Ionic bond

A

A bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

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21
Q

Electrostatic attraction

A

Two atoms drawn to each other by their respective electrical charges.

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22
Q

Cation

A

Atom with a positive charge

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23
Q

Anion

A

Atom with a negative charge

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24
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Formation and breaking of chemical bonds.

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25
Q

Chemical equation

A

The way in which the reaction is described in writing.

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26
Q

Reactants

A

The X and Y of the chemical equation

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27
Q

Products

A

The Z of the chemical equation

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28
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

New and more complex chemical is made from multiple simpler chemicals

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29
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

A single complex chemical is broken into multiple simpler chemicals

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30
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Certain Atoms are exchanged between molecules. It is a combination of a synthesis and decomposition reaction

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31
Q

Catalyst

A

Needed for certain reactions it is usually a special protein that hold the reactants together so they may interact the protein is not destroyed or used up by the reaction and the reaction speed is increased when there are more catalyst proteins present

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32
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy required for the reaction to happen

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33
Q

Chemical elements

A

What make up all organic and inorganic compounds

34
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Do not contain hydrocarbon groups and they often have Ionic bonding

35
Q

Organic compounds

A

Molecules that contain hydrocarbon groups and are usually covalently bonded

36
Q

Solute

A

Chemicals added to water

37
Q

Solution

A

The result of the chemicals plus the water

38
Q

Solvent

A

What is used to dissolve the molecules (water)

39
Q

Salts

A

Mineral compounds that have ionic bonds. They are the principal form of minerals to enter and are stored in the body

40
Q

Acids

A

Ionically bonded substances that when added to water freely release hydrogen ions

41
Q

Bases

A

Alkaline compounds that are ionically bonded also ionize in water but release a hydroxyl ion

42
Q

Neutralize

A

The protons from the acid join with the hydroxyl groups from the base and the resulting solution has a neutral pH

43
Q

Buffer

A

Keeping the pH in a neutral range

44
Q

Macromolecules

A

Long complex molecules often with repeating units

45
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest form of a carbohydrate they contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms in a chain or ring

46
Q

Hexose sugar

A

Glucose with six carbon Atom

47
Q

Pentose sugar

A

A sugar with five Carbon atoms

48
Q

Disaccharide

A

The synthesis reaction when two monosaccharides are joined

49
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

When water is created during the reaction (it is extracted from the saccharides)

50
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Combinations of many monosaccharides, all joined by dehydration synthesis

51
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When water is used in the reaction to break down sucrose

52
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A macro molecule composed of carbohydrate attached to a protein

53
Q

Lipid

A

Are used for future energy needs and are stored in the body in the fat

54
Q

Neutral fats

A

A.k.a. triglycerides or simply fats

They contain three fatty acid and a glycerol molecule

55
Q

Triglyceride

A

Known as a neutral fat that contains three fatty acid and a glycerol molecule

56
Q

Glycerol

A

A modified three carbon simple sugar

57
Q

Fatty acid

A

A chain of carbon atoms with one or two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon by single or double bonds

58
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

When all the bonds in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds and as many hydrogen atoms as possible are attached to the carbon

59
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

When there are some double bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms

60
Q

Lipoprotein

A

A macro molecule composed of proteins and lipids

61
Q

Phospholipids

A

They are similar to triglycerides because they have a glyceryl backbone they also have two fatty acids attached to the glyceryl extending in one direction and in place of the third fatty acid they have a phosphate group attached to a nitrogen containing compound extending in the other direction

62
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids that take the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings

Hydrophobic nonpolar substances with very little oxygen

63
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Mediate inflammation

64
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Lipids formed from a 20 carbon fatty acid and a ring structure

65
Q

Thromboxane

A

Mediate platelet function

66
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Mediate bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production

67
Q

Proteins

A

The most abundant organic molecules in the body they also have the widest variety of functions.

When the chain of amino acids exceed 100 it is called a protein

68
Q

Catalyze

A

Speed up reactions

69
Q

Dipeptide

A

Short chain of two amino acids

70
Q

Tripeptide

A

Chain of three amino acids linked together

71
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain of 10 or more amino acids linked together

72
Q

Functional proteins

A

Generally water-soluble and have a flexible three-dimensional shape which can change under different circumstances

Called globular protein

73
Q

Substrate

A

The substances that are acted upon when enzymes speed up chemical reaction without being destroyed or altered

74
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Largest molecule in the body and are composed of carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and phosphorus

Have two classes DNA and RNA

75
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA a molecule that contains all the instructions needed by the cell to build proteins

76
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

RNA transfers instructions out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm of the cell and builds the proteins

77
Q

Nucleotides

A

The molecular building blocks of nucleic acid

78
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long chains of genes are combined with the proteins to form these

79
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP energy currency of cells

80
Q

High energy bonds

A

The bonds between phosphate groups. When these bonds are broken that energy is released from the ATP molecule

81
Q

Adenosine diphosphate

A

ADP when an ATP molecule loses a phosphate group

82
Q

Adenosine monophosphate

A

Another phosphate group can be used resulting in the creation of a molecule of AMP

83
Q

Hydrophobic

A

The description of molecules that do not mix well with water

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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