Ch 2: Cells, Organs, and Microenviroments of the Immune System Flashcards
What two major lineages does HSCs make
CMP (all RBCs granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages) and CLPs (Lymphocytes, and NK cells)
The Erythroid lineage
the subsection CMP cells that give rise to all RBCs
The Myeloid Lineage
the subsection of CMP cells that give rise to the granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages
What can happen if a TF for hematopoiesis is mutates
the mammal can die from the inability to populate their white blood or red blood cell counts OR from a lack of an immune response
Granulocytes
Front line of attack and part of the innate immune system
These are leukocytes can be further divided into neutrophiles basophils mast cells eosinophiles
Neutrophils
the majority of circulating leukocytes
short lifespan (only a few days)
increase in numbers in tissue in response to infections
phagocytose bacteria and 0pathogens and can secrete antimicrobial proteins. Recruit and can be recruited by cytokines and act as effector cells
Professional antigen presenting cell
(APC)
Myeloid lineage
celllar bridges between the adaptive and the innate immune system
Dendritic cells play an important role in antigen presentation, and activation fo naive T cells
Monocytes differentiate into
Macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells
Macrophages play an important role in
regulation fo repair and regeneration of tissu
innate imune resposer and pathogen erradication via phagocytosis
Activation of T helper cells via antigen presentation, which in turn can cen to regulate and enhance macrophage activity
opsonization
a process that enchances phagocytosis of an antigen
antibody = opsonin and increases the rate of phagocytosis
How are follicular dendritic cells different from normal dendritic cells
do not arise in the bone marrow
do not function as antigen presenting cells for T helper cell activation
Antigen presenting cells (APC)
myeloid cells
lymphoid derived DCs
B lymphocytes
three catacorgies of lymphocytes
B cells (recognize soluble antigen) T cells (recognize MHC bound antigen) NK cells (recognize the absence of MHC1)
Purpose of effector cells
carry out specific functions to combat the pathogen
What do activated B cells differentiate into
effector cells known as plasma cells
Plasma cells lose expression of surface immunoglobulin and become specialized for secretion of antibody
plasma cell do not divide most live 1 to two weeks
Which types of cells express MHC1
nearly all nucleated cells of vertebrates
Which types of cells express MHC2
Professional antigen presenting cells and a few other types of cells during inflammation
How can you distinguish Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells
Th cells have CD4 and recognize antigen in complex with MHC2
Tc cells have the CD8 marker and recognize antigen in complex with MHC1
What do CD8 T cells require to mature
MHC1-peptide complex as well as CD4 T cells`
Th1
regulate the immune response to intracelluar pathogens
Th2
Regulate the immune response to extracellular pathogens
Th17
Secreate IL-17 and play an important role in cell-mediated immunity
T follicular helper cells
Play an important role in humoral immunity and regulate B-cell development in germinal centers
subsect of CD4+ T cells
T regulatory cells
Have the unqiue capacity to inhibit an immune response
CD4
CD25
T cell negative selection
Thymocytes whose T cell receptors bind to self MHC-peptide complexes with too high of an affinity are induced to die
T cell positive selection
THymocytes that bind self MHC-peptide complexes with an intermediate affinity undergo positive selection resulting in their survival
which part of the immune system are NK and myeloid cells a part of
innate
which part of the immune system are lymphocytes a part of
adaptive
