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Immunology > Ch. 2 Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of stem cell differentiates into all the blood cells needed by the body?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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2
Q

Multipotent

A

multiple+ able; develop into multiple types of cells

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3
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

blood+making

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4
Q

what are the two types of common progenitor cells?

A
  • Common myeloid progenitor

- common lymphoid progenitor

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5
Q

What types of cells stem from the common myeloid progenitor cells?

A
  • RBCs, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
  • makes the most different types of cells
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6
Q

What types of cells stem from the common lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

gives rise to all B cells, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells

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7
Q

What are the three primary ways blood cells are distinguished?

A
  • appearance and behavior
  • flow cytometry
  • fluorescence microscopy
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8
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • most common
  • nuclei stain deep purple
  • granules/cytoplasm stain lilac
  • highly motile and extremely phagocytic
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9
Q

During infection, numbers of ______ increase significantly and are recruited to the site of infection by damage cues (chemokines).

A

neutrophils

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10
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • minority (1-4%)
  • nuclei stain deep purple
  • granule contents are basic, making them attractive to eosin staining them more pink
  • motile and phagocytic
  • significant role in response to large, multicellular pathogens like parasitic worms
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11
Q

Basophils

A
  • very small minority
  • nonphagocytic and contain large cytoplasmic granules filled with acidic contents
  • stain very well with basic hematoxylin (deep purple)
  • in response to infection, they release their granules, which are filled with histamine
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12
Q

Mast cells

A
  • undifferentiated cells
  • released from the bone marrow as undifferentiated cells
  • only mature after leaving the blood and taking up residence in tissues
  • full of histamine
  • responsible for allergies; inflammation
  • phagocytose
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13
Q

Where are mast cells located?

A

in skin, CT, and mucosal epithelia in respiratory, genitourinary, and digestive tracts

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14
Q

Why is leukocytosis a sign of infection?

A

It is an increase in circulating neutrophils, which will only increase if there is infection.

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15
Q

What is the primary cell type found in pus?

A

neutrophils

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16
Q

What are NETs?

A

self sacrifice and project strands of their own DNA to ensnare pathogens

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17
Q

What is NETosis?

A

form of cell death (apoptosis of neutrophils)

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18
Q

What effects does histamine release have on the body?

A

histamine induces inflammation

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19
Q

What granulocyte is primarily responsible for allergies?

A

mast cells

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20
Q

What is the purpose of antigen-presenting cells?

A

a group of cells that function as cellular bridges between innate and adaptive immune systems

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21
Q

During antigen presentation, if a T cell is presented its _____ _____, it will activate and begin adaptive immune responses.

A

cognate antigen

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22
Q

Monocytes

A

o Make up 4-8% of leukocytes (WBC)
o Circulate in blood, but can migrate into tissues in response to infection signals
o In tissues, can further differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells
o Large nuclei compared to other, agranulocyte

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23
Q

Macrophages

A

o Pathogens marked with soluble antibody are said to be opsonized (make tasty)
o Can very efficiently engulf opsonized pathogens
o This means that once adaptive immunity is fully activated and B cells are making antibody against a pathogen, macrophages are crazy effective and finding and destroying
o (a monocyte that has navigated to tissue)

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24
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

o Critical initiators of immune responses as a key bridge between innate and adaptive immunity
o Capture antigen just like other APCs, but their long dendritic extensions make their surface area large
 Can interact with many T cells at once, making them super activators of the adaptive immune response
 AKA: THE most important APCs
 are the most potent APC for activating naïve T cells
• Take in antigen by phagocytosis, endocytosis, and pinocytosis

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25
Q

What cell type is responsible for forming platelets that are a necessary aspect of blood clot formation?

A

megakaryocytes

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26
Q

What cells are part of the lymphoid lineage?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
NK cells

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27
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

bone marrow

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28
Q

What do activated B cells do?

A
  • Act as APC (phagocytic and can present to T cells)
  • Express costimulatory receptors to activate T cells
  • Develop into plasma cell
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29
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

thymus

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30
Q

Is an NK cell an adaptive lymphocyte or an innate lymphocyte?

A

innate lymphocyte

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31
Q

How does an NK cell decide which cells too kill?

A

attacks abnormal cells that lack MHC expression

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32
Q

Where does the majority of hematopoiesis occur in a developing fetus during the first trimester?

A

yolk sac

33
Q

Where does the majority of hematopoiesis occur in a developing fetus during the second trimester?

A

liver

34
Q

Where does the majority of hematopoiesis occur in a developing fetus during the third trimester?

A

bone marrow

35
Q

As humans age, we lose some of the areas where hematopoiesis occurs. Compare the areas that serve as hematopoiesis zones in a 10 year old, 25 year old, and a 50 year old.

A

10: vertebral and pelvis, tibial, sternum, ribs
25: vertebral and pelvis, sternum, ribs
50: vertebral and pelvis, sternum, ribs

36
Q

What type of cells are present in the bone microenvironment?

A

HSCs reside in specialized microenvironments, or stem cell niches. Lined with supportive cells that regulate survival, proliferation, differentiation, and trafficking.
• Osteoblasts  generate bone and control HSC differentiation
• Endothelial cells  line blood vessels and regulate HSC differentiation
• Sympathetic neurons  control release of cells from bone marrow
• HSCs and progenitor development are controlled with a stream of cytokines and growth factors

37
Q

Why does bone get less and less able to perform hematopoiesis as we age?

A

as we age, bone marrow is slowly converted to adipose tissue; approaches 50% and decreases hematopoiesis

38
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

T cell progenitors develop initially in the bone marrow, but then migrate to the thymus where they achieve full maturity.

39
Q

What is negative selection of T cells?

A

if bind too tightly or recognize self-peptides (Kills every cell that recognizes self-molecules and will not attack body)

40
Q

What is positive selection of T cells?

A

if bind “just right” ensuring they will recognize MHC. (Kills every cell that doesn’t match MHC)

41
Q

What are the three primary secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • X-associated lymphoid tissue
42
Q

What do all secondary lymphoid organs have, despite their different overall anatomies?

A
  • anatomically distinct regions of T cell and B cell activity
  • lymphoid follicles
43
Q

How are SLOs connected?

A

via the blood and lymphatic circulatory systems

44
Q

How much lymph fluid is returned to the circulatory system each day?

A

~2.9 L a day

45
Q

What can occur when lymph is not efficiently returned to the circulatory system?

A

lymphedema results and effects on immune reaction are evident

46
Q

Where do T cells enter a lymph node?

A

o Naïve T lymphocytes enter via the high endothelial venules of the blood stream to enter the cortex.

47
Q

Where do B cells enter a lymph node?

A

through high endothelial venules (like T cells)

48
Q

Where are T cells found when they are searching for antigen?

A

o They browse APCs in the paracortex (takes 16-24 hours to browse the APCs in a single lymph node)
 APCs on a network of fibers created by fibroblastic reticular cells known as the fibroblastic reticular cell conduit system.
• This system serves as a highway where T cells are guided by adhesion molecules and chemokines

49
Q

Where do nonactivated lymphocytes exit?

A

o If they do not find their MHC peptide match, they leave via the efferent lymphatics (T cells)

50
Q

Effector memory cells

A

continue to circulate among all tissues

51
Q

Central memory cells

A

take up residence in secondary lymphoid organs

52
Q

Resident memory cells

A

settle in nonlymphoid tissue

53
Q

What occurs in germinal centers?

A

facilitate the generation of B cells with increased receptor affinity through somatic hypermutation

54
Q

What dictates which B cells live to become effector plasma cells?

A
  • activated b cells fight for antigen in these centers
  • once done, the surviving cells make even better antibodies and move to the medulla to secrete antibodies into the bloodstream
  • germinal centers take 4-7 days to establish and last about 3 weeks
55
Q

Where do antigens/APCs enter the spleen?

A

via splenic artery

56
Q

Where are T cells found when they are searching for antigens in the spleen?

A

browse APCs in PALS

57
Q

Where are B cells found when they are searching for antigens in the spleen?

A

encounter antigen in follicles, find TH match, and then create germinal centers in follicles

58
Q

Where do nonactivated lymphocytes exit the spleen?

A

splenic artery

59
Q

What does NET stand for?

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap

60
Q

How do CD4+ cells recognize antigens?

A
  • professional APCs use MHC II to present

- browse surfaces of APCs with TCRs looking for matching antigen (if found become subset of T cells)

61
Q

How do CD8+ cells recognize antigens?

A

-somatic cells use MHC I to present
-browse surfaces of APCs with TCRs looking for match
-if found, activate and become effector cytotoxic T cells
(great for virus-infected cells, tumor cells)

62
Q

Once activated, Helper T cells produce cytokines to activate:

A

B cells, Cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, etc.

-changes behavior and response of immune system

63
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells include:

A
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
64
Q

Cluster of Differentiation

A

defined subset of cellular surface receptors that ID cell type and stage of differentiation, and which are recognized by antibodies

65
Q

What is the difference between the activation of NK cells and CD8+ cells?

A
  • CD8+ cells browse APCs for antigen to match their antigen receptors
  • NK cells attack cells that do not display MHC I receptors. Do NOT have antigen-specific receptors
66
Q

Function of Osteoblasts

A

generate bone and control HSC differentiation

67
Q

Function of Endothelial cells

A

line blood vessels and regulate HSC differentiation

68
Q

Function of sympathetic neurons

A

control release of cells from bone marrow

69
Q

Where does entry of naive double negative thymocytes occur?

A

CMJ

70
Q

Where do double negative thymocytes proliferate and generate TCRs, CD4, and CD8?

A

subscapular cortex

71
Q

Where are double positive thymocytes tested for their ability to bind MHC complexes via cTECs? (Positive selection)

A

cortex

72
Q

Double positive thymocytes are tested for their ability to bind MHC cocmplexes via

A

cTECs

73
Q

Single positive thymoctyes are tested for their ability to bind proteins found in other organ types via mTECs in the

A

medulla

74
Q

Single positive thymocytes are tested for their ability to bind proteins found in other organ types via

A

mTECs

75
Q

Lymphoid follicles

A

organized microenvironments that are responsible for the development and selection of B cells that produce high-affinity antibodies

76
Q

In a lymph node, where are B cells located?

A

cortex

77
Q

In a lymph node, where are T cells located?

A

paracortex

78
Q

In a lymph node, where do lymphocytes exit and plasma cells make antibodies to enter circulation?

A

medulla

Immunology (17 decks)

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