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Psychology > Ch. 2: Brain & Behavior > Flashcards

Ch. 2: Brain & Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

what is phrenology? who developed it and when?

A

study of bumps on skull and their relationship to mental abilities and character traits; developed by Franz Gall in early 1800’s

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2
Q

what do we mean by “localization of function?”

A

different areas of the brain do different things

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3
Q

what is a neuron?

A

nerve cells throughout the body

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4
Q

what is the structure of a neuron?

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin, terminal branches of axon, synaptic gap

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5
Q

function of dendrites?

A

receive incoming messages from other neurons/cells

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6
Q

function of axon?

A

propagates chemical message down neuron

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7
Q

function of myelin?

A

insulates axon and speeds conduction of impulse

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8
Q

function of terminal branches of axon?

A

form junctions w/ other cells

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9
Q

what is an action potential?

A

neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave; how neurons communicate

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10
Q

what must an action potential reach in order to conduct an impulse?

A

threshold; it s an all-or-nothing process

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11
Q

function of synapse?

A

gap b/w neurons containing neurotransmitters; also called synaptic gap/junction

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12
Q

what is re-uptake?

A

whatever neurotransmitters aren’t used are taken back up for later use; much like recycling

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13
Q

serotonin?

A

MASH; affects Mood, Arousal, Sleep, Hunger

Undersupply: depression

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14
Q

dopamine?

A

LEAM; influences Learning, Emotion, Attention, Movement
Undersupply: Schizophrenia
Oversupply: Parkinson’s and ADHD

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15
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

MLM; enables Muscle action, Learning, Memory

undersupply: Alzheimer’s

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16
Q

Norepinephrine?

A

AA: controls Alertness, Arousal
Undersupply: depressed mood/ ADHD-like problems

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17
Q

GABA?

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Undersupply: STI: Seizures, Tremors, Insomnia

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18
Q

Glutamate?

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter
involved in memory
Oversupply: MS: Migraines, Seizures

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19
Q

what is an agonist?

A

mimics neurotransmitter and activates receptor

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20
Q

what is an antagonist? what is an example?

A

blocks neurotransmitter; anesthesia

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21
Q

2 Major Subdivisions of Nervous System?

A

CNS: Central Nervous System
PNS: Peripheral Nervous System

22
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

23
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A

everything else

24
Q

3 types of neurons?

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. interneurons
25
Q

what are nerves? where are they located)

A

neural “cables” with many axons (only in PNS)

26
Q

2 divisions of PNS?

A
  1. Autonomic

2. Somatic

27
Q

what is autonomic?

A

involuntary control

28
Q

what is somatic?

A

voluntary control

29
Q

what is the autonomic broken into?

A
  1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

30
Q

function of sympathetic?

A

arousal/ fight or flight

31
Q

function of parasympathetic?

A

calming/ rest and digest

32
Q

where are interneurons located?

A

spinal cord and cause reflexes

33
Q

what is a neural network?

A

complex webs of interconnected neurons that form experience; inputs and outputs; neurons that fire together, wire together

34
Q

what is the endocrine system? is it fast or slow compared to the N.S.?

A

it activates hormones which are secreted by glands and sent to brain and other parts of body; slower than N.S. b/c travels through blood stream

35
Q

what are adrenal glands? their effects?

A

use symp. N.S. to release adrenaline/epinephrine/norepinephrine/cortisol; increase heart rate, bld sugar, bld pressure; these provide energy for fight/flight

36
Q

what is the pituitary gland? produces?

A

“master gland” in brain works w/ hypothalamus; produces oxytocin (“bonding hormone”) (growth hormone during sleep)

37
Q

what are lesions?

A

surgical destructions of brain tissue (not very effective in trying to understand brain functions/locations)

38
Q

what is a split-brain patient?

A

the connections b/w hemispheres are cut

39
Q

what are the 4 types of ways to read the brain?

A
  1. EEG- electrodes on head to record electrical brain waves
  2. PET- reads metabolic responses in brain using glucose
  3. MRI- makes images from signals produced by brain tissue and reveals ventricular abnormalities
  4. fMRI- reveals brain activity rather than structures
40
Q

parts of brainstem?

A
  1. pons
  2. medulla
  3. thalamus
  4. reticular formation
41
Q

what is the function of the brainstem and cerebellum?

A

coordinates body

42
Q

function of medulla?

A

allows breathing and heart rate

43
Q

function of pons?

A

allows automatic reflexes/movements ex: swallowing

44
Q

function of thalamus?

A

acts like a switchboard/router; filters 4 senses (not smell) and sends messages to other parts of brain

45
Q

function of reticular formation?

A

nerve network that enables alertness and coma (wake/sleep)

46
Q

function of cerebellum?

A

“little brain”; coordinates vol. muscle movement/muscle memory and balance

47
Q

parts of limbic system?

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. amygdala
  3. hypothalamus
48
Q

function of hippocampus?

A

processes conscious, episodic memories

49
Q

function of amygdala?

A

controls fear and aggression ex: cat studies

50
Q

function of hypothalamus?

A

“reward center”; body temp., homeostasis, sex drive/pleasure drive; directs endocrine system via messages to pituitary

Psychology (3 decks)

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