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Psychology > Ch. 1: Thinking Critically w/ Psych. Science > Flashcards

Ch. 1: Thinking Critically w/ Psych. Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology is how we ____, _____, and _____

A

think
act
feel

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2
Q

what is the scientific attitude?

A

refers to careful style of forming/evaluating knowledge than simply using intuition; thinking critically; challenging the subject

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3
Q

When natural thinking fails/ 3 ways we think

A
  1. hindsight bias
  2. overconfidence error
  3. coincidence error/mistakenly perceiving order in random events
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4
Q

what is hindsight bias?

A

the “I knew it all along” way of thinking

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5
Q

what is overconfidence error?

A

the “I’m sure I’m correct” way of thinking

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6
Q

what is coincidence error?

A

thinking that something is rigged/fixed because of coincidence ex: dice must be fixed bc you rolled 3 6’s in a row

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7
Q

3 parts of the scientific attitude

A

part 1. Curiosity
part 2. Skepticism
part 3. Humility

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8
Q

how is curiosity a part of the scientific attitude?

A

always ask new questions

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9
Q

how is skepticism a part of the scientific attitude?

A

not accepting fact as truth w/o challenging it

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10
Q

what is humility a part of the scientific attitude?

A

seeking the truth rather than trying to be right

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11
Q

what is the scientific method?

A
  1. set up situations that test our ideas
  2. make careful/organized observations
  3. analyze whether data fit with our ideas
  4. if data don’t fit our ideas, modify and re-test
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12
Q

what do we mean by theory?

A

the big picture

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13
Q

what is a hypotheses?

A

informed/testable predictions consistent with our theory

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14
Q

what is the purpose of operational definitions?

A

to make sure everyone is clear on how we are defining our subject

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15
Q

what is replication?

A

trying the experiment again and keeping everything the same

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16
Q

what are the 3 types of descriptive studies?

A
  1. case study
  2. naturalistic observation
  3. survey
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17
Q

what is a case study?

A

examining one individual in depth (get lots of detail but can’t make generalization)

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18
Q

what is a naturalistic observation?

A

no manipulation, only watching, no experimenting (limited type of descriptive study)

19
Q

what is a survey?

A

gathering info. about people’s thoughts/behaviors through self-report rather than observation; should be random

20
Q

why are surveys useful?

A

we can’t survey everyone so it provides us with a sample of the general population

21
Q

what does it mean for 2 variables to be correlated?

A

they are related and change together; there’s a relationship between them

22
Q

what are 2 things correlation coefficient tells us?

A

1.strength
2.direction
(how closely correlated our variables are)
perfect correlation coefficient is 1.0 which means that every time one variable changes the other changes without fail

23
Q

what is negative correlation?

A

as one number increases the other decreases, they move in opposite directiosn

24
Q

what is positive correlation?

A

both variables increase/decrease together

25
Q

what is no correlation?

A

there is no relationship between the 2 variables

26
Q

what letter stands for correlation coefficient?

A

r

27
Q

if 2 variables are related does this mean they cause each other?

A

NO; correlation does NOT mean causation

28
Q

what are 2 things we need to be aware of when looking at correlation?

A
  1. directionality (which is causing which?)

2. a 3rd variable (may be interfering)

29
Q

what is experimentation?

A

manipulating one factor in a situation to determine its effect (we might not be capturing real life b/c we are interfering; experiments attempt to generalize)

30
Q

what is random sampling?

A

how you get a pool of research participants that represent the population you’re trying to learn about

31
Q

what is random assignment?

A

randomly assigning participants to control or experimental groups (this is how you control all variables except the one you are manipulating)

32
Q

what is the placebo effect?

A

experimental effects that are caused by expectations about the intervention (ex: experimental group gets new drug while control group gets nothing, yet both groups improve)

33
Q

what is a placebo?

A

an inactive substance or other fake treatment in place of the experimental treatment

34
Q

what is a double-blind experiment?

A

neither participants nor research staff knows which participants are in the experimental or control group

35
Q

what is the control group?

A

in an experiment the control group does not get manipulation

36
Q

what is the experimental group?

A

in an experiment the experimental group gets the manipulated variable by receiving the treatment

37
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

abbreviated IV it is the variable being manipulated

38
Q

what is the dependent variable?

A

abbreviated DV it is the variable that changes based on manipulation

39
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A

any other variable that might have an effect on the DV

40
Q

what are statistics?

A

tools for organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data; present a more accurate picture of data; help us reach valid conclusions from data ex: bar graph

41
Q

what are measures of central tendency and define?

A
  1. mean: average
  2. median: middle number when listed least to greatest
  3. mode: most repeated number
42
Q

what are the measures of variation and define?

A
  1. range: difference b/w highest and lowest scores

2. standard deviation: calculation of the average of scores from they mean; how much they vary

43
Q

Skewed vs. normal distribution?

A

data can be skewed b/c of outliers but usually makes a bell/normal curve

44
Q

when drawing conclusions, what are 2 questions we should ask?

A
  1. reliable? can we use this result to generalize/predict future behavior of the broader population?
  2. significant? could the result have been caused by random/chance variation b/w groups?

Psychology (3 decks)

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