Ch. 2 Flashcards
Corrective feedback loop
A system to change in the opposite direction which it is moving.
Ecological tipping point
System can be distically changed experiencing severe degradation or collapse.
Feedback
Any progress that increases or decreases a change to a system.
Outputs
Matter and energy to the environment.
Flow/through puts
Of matter and energy with in the system.
Inputs
The matter and energy from the environment.
System
A set of components that function and interact in some regular way.
Second law of thermodynamics
Resulting low-quality energy usually takes the form of heat that flows into the environment.
Law of conservation of energy
Energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change.
Low-quality energy
Energy that is so dispersed that it has little capacity to do useful work.
High-quality energy
Concentered energy that has a high capacity to do useful work.
Energy quality
A Measure of capacity of a type of energy to do useful work.
Potential energy
Stored and potentially available for use.
Electromagnetic radiation
Energy travels in the form of a wave as a result of changes in electrical and magnetic fields.
Heat or thermal energy
The total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules in an object body of water, or volume of gas.
Kinetic energy
Energy associated with motion.
Energy
The Capacity to do work.
Law of conservation of matter
Whenever matter under goes a physical or chemical change no atoms are created or destroyed.
Nuclear fusion
When two nuclei of lighter atoms are formed together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus and release a tremendous amount of energy.
Nuclear fission
When the nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei and release energy when stuck by a neutron.
Radioactive decay
When nuclei of unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast-moving chunks of matter, high-energy radiation, or both at a fixed rate.
Nuclear change
Change in the nuclei of its atoms.
Chemical change
There is a change in its chemical composition of the substances involved.
Physical change
Where there is no change in its chemical composition.
Chromosome
A double-helix DNA molecule wrapped around one or more protons.
Trait
Characteristics passed on from parents to offspring during reproduction in animals or plants.
Genes
Certain sequences of nuclei tides.
Cells
The fundamental structural and functional units of life.
Organic compounds
Plastics table sugar, vitamins, aspirn, penicillin, and most of the chemicals in your body.
Chemical formula
Show the number of each type of atom or ion in a compound.
PH
A measure of acidity.
Acidity
The comparative amounts of hydrogen ions and hydroxide.
Ion
Atom or a group of atoms with one or more net positive or negative electrical changes as a result of losing or gaining one or more electrons.
Molecule
A combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by forces known as chemical binds.
Isotopes
Element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Mass number
The total number of neutrons and protons in its nucleus.
Atomic number
Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom.
Nucleus
Extremely small center.
Electrons
Negative electrical charge.
Protons
Positive electrical change.
Neutrons
No electrical change.
Atom theory
Idea that all elements are made up of atoms.
Atom
Basic building block of matter.
Compounds
Combinations of two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions.
Periodic table of elements
Placing elements on a chart.
Element
Type of matter that has a unique set of properties and that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Tentative science
Preliminary scientific results that have not been widely tested and accepted by peer review or tested and reproduced by other scientists are not yet considered to be reliable.
Unreliable science
Scientific hypothesis and results that are presented as reliable without having undergone the rigors of peer review or additional research.
Reliable science
Data, hypothesis, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted by all or most of the scientists who are considered experts in the field under study.
Scientific law
Well tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening repeatedly and in the same way in nature.
Peer review
Involves scientists openly details of the methods they used the results of their experiments and methods they used.
Scientific theory
A well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypothesis.
Model
Approximate representation or simulation of a system.
Scientific hypothesis
Possible and testable explanation data.
Data
Information to answer their questions.
Science
A broad field of study focused on discovering how nature works and using that knowledge to describe what is likely to happen in nature.
