CH 2 Flashcards
Chemistry
the structure of matter
Matter
simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties
Atom
Smallest unit of element
Proton, Neutron, Electron
Positive, neutral, Negative
How many Elements do the human body contain
24
98.5% of body weight consists of
O, C, H, N, Ca, P
only 6 of the 24
Nucleus
center of atom (protons & neutrons)
Electron shell
surround the nucleus
Valence Electrons in the outermost shell
- interact with other atoms; determine behavior
- Noble gases do not interact
Isotopes
2 or more elements with equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Ion
carry a charge due to an unequal number of protons and electrons
ionization
transfer of electrons from one atom to another ( stability of valence shell)
Anion
atom that gained electrons (net negative charge)
Cation
atom that lost an electron (net positive charge)
Molecule
two or more atoms of the same element covalently bonded
Compounds
: two or more atoms of different elements covalently bonded
Ionic bond
Are atoms with positive or negative charge
Ionic bonds are weak and dissociate in water
These compounds tend to form crystals
covalent bond
sharing electrons
strong electron bonds
Hydrogen Bond
weak polar bonds
-Hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules cause surface tension
Water
universal solvent
50-75% of body weight
water is the most
soluble element
4 properties of water
solubility,reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication
Hydrophilic:
philos = loving; reacts with water
Hydrophobic:
phobos = fear; does not react with water
Electrolytes
- Salts that ionize in water to form body fluids
- capable of conducting electricity
Electrolyte importance
chemical reactivity
osmotic effects (influence water movement)
electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue
Acid
is proton donor (releases H+ ions)
pH
Base
proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions) pH>7
pH
the concentration of H+ ions in solution
Physiological pH is
7.4
pH of blood ranges from
7.35- 7.45
3 types of Chemical reactions
- Decomposition reactions (catabolism) or Hydrolysis (water decomposition)
- Synthesis reactions (anabolism) or Dehydration syntheses (condensation)
- Exchange reactions
metabolism
All the chemical reactions of the body
Catobilism
energy releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions
Anabolism
energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions; requires energy input
Nutrients
essential molecules obtained from food
Metabolites
molecules made or broken down in the body
Organic
molecules based on carbon and hydrogen
inorganic
molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen
Organic Chemistry
Study of compounds containing carbon
Carbon
Only 4 valence electrons
bonds readily to gain more
valence electrons
Carbohydrates
quick catabolized source of energy
Simple Sugars
Monosaccharides
2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose,
Disaccharides
Chains of many simple sugars
(glycogen, starch, cellulose
Polysaccharides
