CH 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of Form
Physiology
The study of Function
Physical examination
palpation, auscultation (listen), percussion (tapping)
Cadaver dissection
cutting & separation of organs to study their structures & relationships
Comparative Anatomy
the study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends (animals)
Gross Anatomy
what is visible with naked eye
Histology
examination of cells and tissues with microscope
Comparative Physiology
involves the study of different species
Hippocrates
“father of Medicine”: code of ethics & urged physicians to seek causes of disease
Galen
physician to the Roman gladiators, saw science as a method of discovery
did animal dissections since use of cadavers banned
wrote book advising followers to trust their own observation
Avicenna
from Muslim world supported free inquiry over authority
wrote The Canon of Medicine, used in medical schools until 16th century
Harvey
realized blood flow out from heart & back in 1628
Schleiden & Schwann
all organisms were composed of cells – cell theory of 1839
Bacon (1561-1626) and Descartes (1596-1650)
new habits of scientific thinking based on assumptions & methods that are reliable, objective & testable
help create academies of science that still exist today
Scientific Method
- Habits of disciplined creativity, careful observations, logical thinking & analysis of observations
- Way of seeking trends & drawing generalizations
Inductive Method
Making observations until capable of drawing generalizations and making predictions
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
Ask a question and formulate a hypothesis – an educated possible answer.
-If nothing could prove it wrong, it is not a scientific belief
Hypotheses are written as If-Then predictions
modified and rewritten after testing
Hypothesis and Null Hypothesis
Null is the opposite of the Hypothesis
placebo
like give the same foods to both sides of the groups, prevents psychosomatic effects
Double-blind study
neither group knows what theyll receive or the other group will receive
Statistical testing
difference between groups was not random, but was due to variable being tested
Peer review
Critical evaluation by experts in the field
ensures honesty, objectivity & quality in science
prior to funding; verification and repeatability of results
Scientific Fact
after a long time of a theory being tested it becomes a Fact
Scientific Laws
Laws of Nature. (law of gravity)
scientific Theories
is based off of Hypothesis
Law of nature
description of the way matter and energy behave.
resulting from inductive reasoning & observations
written as verbal statements or mathematical formulae
Evolution
is change in genetic composition of a population of organisms over time
Adaptations
Primate Adaptations, walking upright
Hierarchy of complexity
organisms-organ systems (11-12) - Organs (100s)- Tissues (4 primary)- Cells (smallest living unit) - Organelles(elles means tiny) - Molecules - Atoms
Reductionism
Breaking down the human body
Holism
there are ‘emergent (natural or logical) properties’ of the Human that cannot be predicted from its separate parts
Anatomical Variation
organs and characteristics of the body that are different with every single human body
Characteristics of life
organization cellular composition Metabolism (anabolism; catabolism ) and excretion responsiveness and movement homeostasis (internal stability) development (differentiation and growth) reproduction evolution
Physiological Variation
Differs with sex, age, diet, weight, degree of physical activity
Homeostasis
indicates stable internal environment,
Good hypothesis
- consistent with what is already known
- capable of being tested and falsified with certain evidence
