CH 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Cohesion
A
water molecules are chemically attracted to each other
2
Q
adhesion
A
water molecules are chemically attracted to other polar substances
3
Q
polymer
A
large molecule consisting of smaller subunits
4
Q
monomer
A
subunit of larger molecule
5
Q
buffer
A
a substance that helps to keep pH within normal limits by picking up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions
6
Q
fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids are..
A
lipids
7
Q
what 2 elements must a molecule contain to be classified as organic
A
oxygen and hydrogen
8
Q
a carbohydrate, like starch, glycogen, and cellulose, that is a polymer of a monosaccharides is a…
A
polysaccharide
9
Q
a combination of bonded atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, which always reacts in the same way, is known as a
A
functional group
10
Q
simple sugars, like glucose or ribose, that are the monomers for all larger carbohydrates are called
A
monosaccharide
11
Q
RNA and DNA are..
A
nucleic acids
12
Q
RNA is produced by
A
complimentary base pairing to a DNA strand
13
Q
hydrophillic
A
ionized and polar molecules that are attracted to water
14
Q
hydrophobic
A
nonionized and nonpolar molecules that are not attracted to water
15
Q
what elements do carbohydrates consist of
A
hydrogen oxygen and carbon
16
Q
an amino acid contains..
A
an acid group, and amino group, and an r group
17
Q
denaturation occurs when a protein loses its..
A
shape
18
Q
what are functions of fats and oils
A
protect major organs, store energy, insulate against heat loss
19
Q
ATP contains the nitrogen-containing base —–, the sugar ribse, and three —— groups
A
adenine, phosphate
20
Q
what is related to the function of DNA
A
protein synthesis, genetic material, replication
21
Q
glucose is used as a source of..
A
energy
22
Q
lipids are organic molecule that do not dissolve in..
A
water
23
Q
The levels of protein organization are..
A
primary structure, secondary structure (alpha,beta), tertiary structure, and quaternary structure
24
Q
the material that stores a cell’s genetic information is called
A
DNA
25
bases pick up ------ and release --------
hydrogen ions, hydroxide ions
26
whereas lipids called --- are liquid at room temperature and usually produced by plants, lipids called ---- are solid at room temperature are usually produced by animals
oils,fats
27
characteristics of a phospholipid
polar phosphate group, nonpolar tail, structurally similar to fats
28
a protein is a composed of a chain of monomers called
amino acids
29
within an organism, what are carbohydrates typically used for
providing energy
30
the ---- level of protein structure results from the combining of separate polypeptides
quaternary
31
the sequence of amino acids i a protein is the ----- structure of a protein
primary
32
what groups are found in an amino acid
amino group, acid group, and R group
33
the secondary structure of a protein relies on what type of bonding between amino acids
hydrogen
34
the energy currency molecule of a cell is abreviated
ATP (adenisene triphospate)
35
what are functions of fats and oils
protect major organs, insulate against heat loss, store energy
36
C6H12O6 is the molecular formula for..
glucose
37
the polysaccharide celluose is formed from many glucose monomers
True
38
phospholipid tails are -----
hydrophobic
39
a peptide bond occurs between two ---- acids
amino
40
proteins assist our bodies in
chemical reactions, chemical signaling, and fighting off infection
41
NaOH disassociates in water releasing hydroxide ions and is therefore an example of a
Base
42
When dissolved in water an acid releases
H+ hydroxide ion
43
Hydrocarbon chain with no double bonds
Saturated
44
Hydrocarbon chain with double bonds
Unsaturated
45
Hydrocarbon chain to which hydrogens have been added
Trans
46
Amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl, and carboxylic, are different types of ------ groups that may be attached to organic molecule
Functional
47
Polysaccharides may serve as ----- molecules
Structural, energy storage
48
Each nucleotide of a nucleic acid contains a ----- group, a pentose -----, and a nitrogen-containing ----
Phosphate, sugar, base
49
The molecule that forms fats and oils is called a...
Triglyceride
50
The complimentary base pairs that occur in DNA..
Cytosine-guanine, adenine-thymine
51
A phospholipid molecule has a ------ head and a ------ tail
Hydrophilic, hydrophobic
52
A carbohydrate like starch glycogen and cellulose that is a polymer of monosaccharides is called a...
Polysaccharide
53
What are functions or cholesterol
Precursor of biles salts
Component of the plasma membrane
Precursor of sex hormone
54
Polysaccharides serve as a ---- mole
Energy storage, structural
55
The final three dimensional shape of a protein that consists of a single polypeptide is called a ----- structure
Tertiary
56
Starch is an energy storing molecule for..
Plants
57
The primary structure of a protein is the..
Sequence of amino acids
58
Properties of water essential to life
```
Cohesion
Adhesion
High heat of vaporization
Solvent ability
Low density of ice compared to water
surface tension
```
59
Actin and myosin are two cell proteins that perform what function
Movement
60
The final three dimensional shape of a protein that consists of a single polypeptide is called the ----- structure
Tertiary
61
What chemicals would need to be emulsified in order to mix with water
Triglycerides
Oils
Fats
62
Differences between DNA and RNA
Number of nucleotide strands
Type of sugar
Combination of different nitrogen-containing bases
63
Plants store glucose as ---- whereas animals store glucose as ----
Starch
| Glycogen
64
Which functions are related to DNA
Genetic material
Replication
Protein synthesis
65
Which elements do carbohydrates consist of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
66
When dissolved in water, an acid releases..
OH-
67
A combination of bonded atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, which always reacts in the same way, is a....
Functional group
68
A monosaccharide is a..
Simple sugar
| Single sugar molecule
69
When atoms of different elements bind together a special type of molecule called a ---- is formed
Compound
70
What groups are found on an amino acid
R group
Acid group
Amino group
71
The primary function of DNA in a cell is to
Store genetic information
72
Testosterone and cholesterol and examples of
Steroids
73
A substance that helps to keep pH within normal limits by picking up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions is called a
Buffer
74
Fats, oils, steroids, and phospholipids are all..
Lipids
75
Proteins are composed of monomers called..
Amino acids
76
Glucose is a type of..
Sugar
77
Electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally between the atoms are..
Nonpolar
78
Electrons in a covalent bond are shared unequally between the atoms are..
Polar
79
What is inorganic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry focuses on molecules including salts and water that constitute non-living matter, but are still important to living things
80
The molecule that carries the information from the DNA strand to the ribosomes is
mDNA
81
When a substance has a pH of 10 it means the solution is..
Alkaline
| Basic
82
Proteins assist our body in..
Chemical signaling
Fighting off infections
Chemical reactions
83
When cells require energy, what happens
ATP undergoes hydrolysis, producing ADP+P with the release of energy
Becomes ADP
Losses one phosphate
84
The polysaccharide that is responsible for the strong structural nature of cell walls is
Cellulose
85
Fatty acids and glycerol are components of a..
Triglyceride
86
Polar phosphate group, nonpolar tail, and structurally similar to fats are all characteristics of a..
Phospholipid
87
The polysaccharide cellulose is formed from many ---- monomers
Glucose
88
In vertebrates the ---- is the organ that stores glycogen
Liver
89
The molecule that forms fats and oils is called a..
Triglyceride
90
Polysaccharide may serve as ----- molecules
Energy storage
| Structural
91
What is the molecular formula for the monosaccharide glucose
C6H12O6
92
When dissolved in water, an acid releases..
H+
93
The primary function of hemoglobin protein within red blood cells is to transport -----
Oxygen
94
The polysaccharide ---- is the main structural carbohydrate in the exoskeleton of a carb
Chitin
95
When a substance releases hydrogen ions in solution it is considered to be an -----
Acid
96
Keratin and collagen are examples of class of ------ proteins
Structural proteins
97
Plants and animals store energy in ---- and ----- respectively
Starch
| Glycogen
98
A radioactive isotope emits energy as....
Rays
| Particles
99
The mixing of fats with water, assisted by molecules that have both nonpolar and polar ends is called ---------
Emulsification
100
The complimentary base pairing of DNA is...
Cytosine and Guanine
| Adenine and Thymine
101
What does the structure of a nucleotide consist of?
A pentose sugar
A nitrogen-containing base,
And a phosphate functional group.
102
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
```
DNA (deoxyribosenucleic acid)
And RNA ( ribonucleic acid)
```
103
What is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate an energy storing molecule
104
What is adenosine?!
Adenine plus ribose
105
The molecule that carries the information from the DNA strand to the ribosome is called ------.
mRNA
106
The enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions in cells are called -------.
Proteins
107
CHNOPS are elements that make up 95% of your body.
Carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfer
