Ch 2

Question 1

What properties of water make it essential to life?

Answer 1

water’s role as a solvent helps cells transport

Question 2

Cohesion

Answer 2

water molecules are attracted to each other causing them to “stick together” bc of hydrogen bonds

Question 3

Adhesion

Answer 3

When water molecules are attracted, or ‘‘stick’’, to other substances

Question 4

How do hydrogen bond relate to the properties of
water?

Answer 4

gives water its high boiling point, high heat capacity, and surface tension

Question 5

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 5

attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and slightly negative oxygen atom

Question 6

Atoms

Answer 6

the smallest building blocks of matter

Question 7

Elements

Answer 7

a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

Question 8

Neutron

Answer 8

a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

help stabilize the nucleus of an atom

Question 9

Subatomic

Answer 9

smaller than or occurring within an atom

Question 10

Proton

Answer 10

a subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge

Question 11

Electron

Answer 11

a tiny, negatively charged subatomic particle

Question 12

Mass #

Answer 12

the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

Question 13

Atomic #

Answer 13

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, determines its chemical properties and its place on a periodic table.

Question 14

Atomic # vs. Mass #

Answer 14

mass number counts both protons and neutrons, atomic number only counts protons

Question 15

How to calculate mass #

Answer 15

Add number of neutrons and number of protons together

Question 16

Ionic bond

Answer 16

The transfer of one or more electrons to another atom

Question 17

Covalent

Answer 17

two atoms share electrons “glueing” them together

Question 18

The role of valence electrons

Answer 18

Form chemical bonds with other atoms

Question 19

Polar molecule

Answer 19

uneven distribution of electrons within a molecule, one side - the other side +

Question 20

Non-polar Molecule

Answer 20

Equal electrical charge distributed across the molecule

Question 21

Molecule

Answer 21

two or more atoms connected by chemical bonds

Question 22

Isotopes

Answer 22

different forms of the same chemical element

Question 23

Acids

Answer 23

hydrogen-containing substance capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance

Question 24

Base

Answer 24

a molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid

Question 25

Ion

Answer 25

an atom with a charge (positive or negative)

Question 26

Buffers

Answer 26

opposes changes pH removing/ replacing hydrogen ions

Question 27

Monomer

Answer 27

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form polymers

Question 28

Macromolecules

Answer 28

a very large molecule, made of monomers, linked together by covalent bonds

Question 29

Polymer

Answer 29

natural or synthetic substances made of macromolecules

Question 30

Carbohydrate (macromolecule)

Answer 30

-organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
-energy sources that are catabolized rather than stored
-organic bc carbon & hydrogen
-only contain CO, H, & O

Question 31

Lipid (macromolecule)

Answer 31

-organic compounds that are fatty, waxy, or oily; only soluble in organic solvents
-help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones
-organic, only CO, H, O
-hydrocarbon chains or rings

Question 32

Protein (macromolecule)

Answer 32

-A molecule made up of amino acids
-They are the basis of body structures
-fold into unique three-dimensional shapes

Question 33

Nucleic acids (macromolecule)

Answer 33

-large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses.
-storage and expression of genomic information

Question 34

Catabolism

Answer 34

metabolic process where large complex molecules are broken down into smaller units, releasing energy in the form of ATP

Question 35

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 35

creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

Question 36

Condensation

Answer 36

when a gas turns to a liquid

Question 37

Decomposition

Answer 37

a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances

Question 38

Hydrolysis

Answer 38

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

Question 39

Functional groups

Answer 39

an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for a particular chemical property of an organic compound

Question 40

Functional group found in amino acids

Answer 40

amine (–NH2) and carboxylic acid (–COOH)

Question 41

How are the ratios of C, H, and O different between carbohydrates and lipids?

Answer 41

Carbohydrate 1:2:1
Lipids 1:2 less than 1 O

Question 42

Primary Structure (1st Protein Level)

Answer 42

-linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
-The specific order of amino acids determines the protein’s ultimate shape and function.

Question 43

Secondary Structure (2nd Protein Level)

Answer 43

-polypeptide chain folds into specific structures such as alpha-helices 🧬and beta-pleated sheets 🗺️

Question 44

Tertiary Structure (3rd protein level)

Answer 44

overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain.

Question 45

Quaternary Structure (4th Protein Level)

Answer 45

forms when two or more polypeptide chains (subunits)
come together to form a functional protein complex.

Question 46

Enzymes

Answer 46

speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in cells

Question 47

Denaturation

Answer 47

unfolding or breaking up of a protein

Question 48

Hydrophobic

Answer 48

Hates/ Avoids water

Question 49

Hydrophilic

Answer 49

Loves interacting with water