Ch 2 Flashcards
What properties of water make it essential to life?
water’s role as a solvent helps cells transport
Cohesion
water molecules are attracted to each other causing them to “stick together” bc of hydrogen bonds
Adhesion
When water molecules are attracted, or ‘‘stick’’, to other substances
How do hydrogen bond relate to the properties of
water?
gives water its high boiling point, high heat capacity, and surface tension
Hydrogen Bonds
attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and slightly negative oxygen atom
Atoms
the smallest building blocks of matter
Elements
a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
Neutron
a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
help stabilize the nucleus of an atom
Subatomic
smaller than or occurring within an atom
Proton
a subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge
Electron
a tiny, negatively charged subatomic particle
Mass #
the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
Atomic #
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, determines its chemical properties and its place on a periodic table.
Atomic # vs. Mass #
mass number counts both protons and neutrons, atomic number only counts protons
How to calculate mass #
Add number of neutrons and number of protons together
Ionic bond
The transfer of one or more electrons to another atom
Covalent
two atoms share electrons “glueing” them together
The role of valence electrons
Form chemical bonds with other atoms
Polar molecule
uneven distribution of electrons within a molecule, one side - the other side +
Non-polar Molecule
Equal electrical charge distributed across the molecule
Molecule
two or more atoms connected by chemical bonds
Isotopes
different forms of the same chemical element
Acids
hydrogen-containing substance capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance
Base
a molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid
Ion
an atom with a charge (positive or negative)
Buffers
opposes changes pH removing/ replacing hydrogen ions
Monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form polymers
Macromolecules
a very large molecule, made of monomers, linked together by covalent bonds
Polymer
natural or synthetic substances made of macromolecules
Carbohydrate (macromolecule)
-organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
-energy sources that are catabolized rather than stored
-organic bc carbon & hydrogen
-only contain CO, H, & O
Lipid (macromolecule)
-organic compounds that are fatty, waxy, or oily; only soluble in organic solvents
-help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones
-organic, only CO, H, O
-hydrocarbon chains or rings
Protein (macromolecule)
-A molecule made up of amino acids
-They are the basis of body structures
-fold into unique three-dimensional shapes
Nucleic acids (macromolecule)
-large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses.
-storage and expression of genomic information
Catabolism
metabolic process where large complex molecules are broken down into smaller units, releasing energy in the form of ATP
Dehydration synthesis
creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released
Condensation
when a gas turns to a liquid
Decomposition
a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances
Hydrolysis
the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
Functional groups
an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for a particular chemical property of an organic compound
Functional group found in amino acids
amine (–NH2) and carboxylic acid (–COOH)
How are the ratios of C, H, and O different between carbohydrates and lipids?
Carbohydrate 1:2:1
Lipids 1:2 less than 1 O
Primary Structure (1st Protein Level)
-linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
-The specific order of amino acids determines the protein’s ultimate shape and function.
Secondary Structure (2nd Protein Level)
-polypeptide chain folds into specific structures such as alpha-helices 🧬and beta-pleated sheets 🗺️
Tertiary Structure (3rd protein level)
overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain.
Quaternary Structure (4th Protein Level)
forms when two or more polypeptide chains (subunits)
come together to form a functional protein complex.
Enzymes
speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in cells
Denaturation
unfolding or breaking up of a protein
Hydrophobic
Hates/ Avoids water
Hydrophilic
Loves interacting with water
