Ch 2 Flashcards
What is a map?
A scale model representation of reality
____ maps are used for nominal data
Single symbol
___ maps are used for categorical and ordinal data
unique values
Many types of maps are used for ___ data
numeric
Give an example of a type of map used for numeric data
Graduated color maps.
Graduated symbol maps.
Dot density maps.
Chart maps
____ represents features or quantities, such as roads,
geology, elevation, or vegetation density (Fig. 2.14).
thematic raster
What map type does a basemap use?
single symbol
What map types can a thematic map uise?
unique value, graduate colors or symbols, dot density, charts)
What is the difference between basemaps and thematic maps?
A basemap is different than a map theme because it shows basic information about a region such as roads, parcels, and water bodies. Map themes are optional layers that display specific information over the basemap, such as conservation lands or hurricane flood zones.
Unique values maps are used for _____ and ____ data
categorical and ordinal
Single symbol maps are used for ____ data
nominal
____ maps are used for numeric data
many (graduated color/symbol, dot density, charts)
___ data names or uniquely identifies objects
nominal
What is nominal data?
Data that names or uniquely identifies objects
Give an example of nominal data
country names, capital cities, rivers, water bodies
How are nominal data usually portrayed?
single symbol map
In ___ data, features belong to categories.
Categorical
What is categorical data?
Data where features belong to categories
What kind of map is used to portray categorical data?
unique values map
What are examples of categorical data?
Rock types, volcano types, highway classes, land cover class
____ data is a type of categorical data where the categories are ranked along a scale.
ordinal data
Give an example of ordinal data
Tree Planting Potential:
(0) Unsuitable
(1) Marginal
(2) Acceptable
(3) ideal
This is an example of what kind of data?
Tree Planting Potential:
(0) Unsuitable
(1) Marginal
(2) Acceptable
(3) ideal
Ordinal data
rock type, volcano type, highway class, or land cover class
This is an example of what kind of data?
categorical
Country names (labelled)
Capital Cities (stars)
Rivers (labelled)
Water bodies
This is an example of what kind of data?
nominal data
What kind of map is used for ordinal data?
a unique values map with a single-hue color scheme
___ data places values along a regular numeric scale
numeric interval data
elevation along the Georgia Coast (includes below sea level)
This is an example of what kind of data?
Numeric - Interval data
What is the only kind of numeric value that can have negative values?
interval numeric data
What is an example of interval numeric data?
temperature, population change
_______ data places values along a regular scale with a meaningful zero point (no negative values)
Numeric ratio data
Population of state capitals.
This is an example of what kind of data?
Population can’t have negative values, so they are ratio
numeric data
What kind of numeric data cannot be negative?
ratio data
What is the purpose of classifying numeric data?
Divides data values in class ranges, each with its own symbol. The same data can look very different dependent on classficiation.
What are the benefits of Jenks Natural Breaks classification?
Exploits natural gaps in the data
Good for unevenly distributed or skewed data
Default method that works well for most data sets
What method of classifying data uses Jenks Optimization method?
Jenks Natural Breaks classification
What method of classifying data produces equal sized classes?
Defined interval or equal interval classification
The ____ classification puts the same number of features in each class (linear data distribution)
quantile
The _____ classification compares values close to and far from the mean (always show mean and std on map
standard deviation
What does MAUP stand for?
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
What is this an example of?
Large polygons tend to dominate the map
Visual MAUP issue
What are the 2 raster types?
discrete and continuous data
What type of rasters are often converted from vector data?
discrete data
What type of raster Represent a measurement that occurs everywhere (temperature, precipitation, elevation)
?
continuous data
What type of raster data has adjacent cells that often have the same values?
discrete
_____ raster contain quantities that represent map data such as wetlands or elevation
thematic
______ rasters use unique values or discrete color display
Categorical/ordinal
Categorical/ordinal rasters use _____ or ______ display
unique values, discrete color
__________ rasters use classified or stretched display methods
Interval/ratio (quantities)
Interval/ratio (quantities) rasters use _____ or ______display methods
classified, stretched
____ data name things or uniquely identify them and may be
text or numbers.
nominal
______ data group objects into smaller sets identified by a
unique value.
Categorical
_______data consist of categories that are ranked in some
way.
Ordinal
_____data are measured on a regular scale, and data are measured on a regular scale with a meaningful zero point.
Interval, ratio
Discrete thematic rasters can be displayed using what method?
unique values method
What rasters may be classified or stretched?
Continuous thematic
Continuous numeric data are_____ before being mapped.
classified
Give 2 examples of classification methods for continuous numeric data
Jenks natural breaks, equal
interval, defined interval, quantile, geometric interval, standard
deviation, and manual.
What kind of data that place objects into unranked groups?
categorical data
land use and geology data are examples of what kind of data?
categorical
assigning features to two or more groups based on
numeric values in an attribute field
classification
a raster display method that divides values into two or more
groups based on their numeric values
classified
data that take on a variety of values and that change
rapidly across a data set, such as elevation
continuous
a classification method in which the user specifies a
size range for all the classes
defined interval
described data that represent distinct spatial objects such as
wells, roads, or counties
discrete
a classification method that bases the class
intervals on a geometric series in which each class is multiplied by a
constant coefficient to produce the next higher class
geometric interval
values that follow a regular scale but have no natural
zero point, such as degrees Celsius or pH
interval data
a way to classify numeric data into ranges defined by
naturally occurring gaps in the data histogram
Jenks method
statistical and visual
issues caused by aggregating measured data using arbitrary areal
units such as political boundaries
modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP)
values that name or identify an object, such as a street
name
nominal data
data values that indicate a rank or ordering system
ordinal data
data having a regular scale of measurement and a natural
zero point, such as precipitation or population
ratio data
