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BIOL 1190 COPY M.L > Ch. 19 - Blood > Flashcards

Ch. 19 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

55% blood plasma (suspended solutes and platelets)
45% RBC
- coat of WBC and platelets

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3
Q

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

blood cell formation; in red bone marrow of spongy bone

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4
Q

What kind of cells are blood cells formed from?

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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5
Q

What are precursor cells?

A

differentiate into specific blood cells

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6
Q

What are hematopoietic growth factors?

A

HGFs are hormones that regulate differentiation and proliferation of blood stem cells

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7
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

EPO is a hormone produced by kidneys; increases production RBC precursors

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8
Q

What is thrombopoietin?

A

TPO is a hormone from liver; stimulate platelet formation

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9
Q

What are functions of specific cytokines?

A
  • Proliferation of lymphocytes
    -inhibitors for interferons
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10
Q

How does an RBC’s form relate to its function?

A

biconcave disk allows increases surface area ratio; flexible shape for narrow passages

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11
Q

How does an RBC generate ATP?

A

anaerobically; doesn’t use O2 it transports

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12
Q

What does each hemoglobin molecule consist of?

A
  • globin (prot composed of 4 polyp chains)

- 1 heme pigment (containing Fe2+ that combines w O2) attached to each polyp chain

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13
Q

What does each Hb molecule transport?

A
  • can carry 4 O2 molec from lungs to tissue cells
  • 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs
  • nitric oxide which helps regulate BP/vasolidation
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14
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

percentage of blood occupied by RBCs

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15
Q

What is the difference between anemia and polycythemia?

A

A - not enough RBCs or Hb

P - too many RBCs (over 55%); can cause high blood viscosity

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16
Q

How are worn out cells removed?

A

by resident macrophages in spleen and liver; breakdown products are recycled

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17
Q

Why do RBCs have such a short life cycle? (~ 120 days)

A
  • no repair due to lack of organelles

- wear out from bending to fit through capillaries

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18
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

insufficient O2; main stimulus for erythropoiesis

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19
Q

What are some causes of tissue hypoxia?

A
  • high altitude
  • anemia (iron/prot deficiency)
  • RBC prod rate < RBC destruction rate
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20
Q

How do kidneys respond to hypoxia?

A

releases EPO (increases rbc precurser cells) which enhanes development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes

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21
Q

What does a proerythroblast produce? What does it form into?

A

Hemoglobin
forms into reticulocyte when nucleus is ejected

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22
Q

Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on the presence/absence of what?

A

glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens on RBC surface

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23
Q

What antigens and antibodies does type A blood have?

A

A antigen; anti-B antibody

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24
Q

What antigens and antibodies does type B blood have?

A

B antigen; anti-A antibody

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25
Q

What antigens and antibodies does type AB blood have?

A

A and B antigens; neither antibody

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26
Q

What antigens and antibodies does type O blood have?

A

neither antigen; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

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27
Q

Which blood type is considered universal donor? Universal recipient?

A

type O; type AB

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28
Q

What is agglutination?

A

clumping of blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody rxn

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29
Q

In terms of Rh antigens, what does normal plasma contain?

A

no anti-Rh antibodies

30
Q

What does it mean to be Rh+?

A

have Rh antigen on RBC surface

31
Q

What will happen is an Rh- person receives blood from Rh+ donor?

A

anti-Rh antibodies will be formed; dangerous upon 2nd exposure to antigen

32
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

small amount of fetal blood crosses placenta and enters maternal circulation; can cause baby to have anemia

33
Q

What is RhoGAM?

A

anti-Rh antibodies; given to Rh- mothers

34
Q

Describe the process of erythropoiesis

A
  1. Begins in the red bone marrw
  2. Erthropoietin (EPO) from kidney stimulate the growth of RBC precursor cells
    -hematopoietic stem cells
  3. hematopoietic stem cells turn into reticulocyte
  4. mature into erythrocytes
35
Q

-Where are WBCs found?

A

circulating in blood, lymphatic fluid, body tissues (ski, lymph nodes, spleen, lungs)

36
Q

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

A

monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, neutrophil

37
Q

How do WBCs reach site of tissue injury/disease?

A
  1. leave blood via emigration

2. use chemotaxis (chem attraction) to migrate to site

38
Q

What are the 2 groups of WBCs and which types belong to each group?

A

Granular - neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Agranular - lymphocyte, monocyte

39
Q

What are the 2 WBC groups based on?

A

absence or presence of granule staining

40
Q

What are some properties of neutrophils and what do they respond to?

A
  • most abundant type of WBC; recruited first in inflammation

- respond to bacteria

41
Q

How do neutrophils respond to bacteria?

A
  1. phagocytize
  2. release lysozymes that destroy/digest bact
  3. release defensin proteins
  4. release strong oxidants
42
Q

What are some properties of eosinophils and what do they respond to?

A

release histaminase (catalyzes breakdown of histamine); slows down inflammation caused by basophils; attacks parasites

-high and low numbers during allergic reactions

43
Q

What are some properties of basophils and what do they respond to?

A

release granules (containing histamine, heparin, serotonin) at infection cites and enhance inflammatory response; respond to allergic rxns

44
Q

What are mast cells?

A

pro-inflammatory CT cells that release histamine, heparin, proteases

45
Q

What are some properties of lymphocytes and what do they respond to?

A

move bt tissues, lymph, and blood; only WBC that returns to circulation after fighting infection; respond to viral infection

46
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells, T cells, Natural killer cells

47
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

destroy bacteria and toxins; turns into plasma cells that produce antibodies

48
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

destroy foreign pathogens

  • helper t cells activate other lymphocytes
    -cytotoxic t cells kill infected cells
49
Q

What is the function of Natural killer cells?

A

attack microbes and some tumor cells; directly kill foreign invaders

50
Q

What are some properties of monocytes and what do they respond to?

A

become macrophages; similar to neutrophils (phagocytize) take longer to arrive at infection site; respond to fungal/viral infections

51
Q

What does thrombopoietin stimulate?

A

myeloid stem cells to produce platelets

52
Q

How are dead platelets removed?

A

by resident macrophages in spleen and liver; life span of 5-9 days

53
Q

How does a myeloid stem cell produce platelets?

A

MSC –> megakaryoblast –> megakaryocyte that fragment –> each fragment is a platelet

54
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

sequence of responses that stops bleeding during BV damage; prevents hemorrhage

55
Q

What are the steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting
56
Q

What occurs during a vascular spasm?

A
  • BV damage stimulates reflex contraction (narrowing lumen)
  • reduces blood flow
  • only for small BV/arterioles
57
Q

What occurs during platelet plug formation?

A

a. platelet adhesion
b. platelet activation
c. platelet aggregation

58
Q

Describe platelet adhesion

A

platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres from underlying CT of damaged vessel

59
Q

Describe platelet activation

A
  • platelets become activated and grow extensions to attach to one another
  • platelets release substances that activate neighbouring platelets
  • cause vasoconstriction
60
Q

Describe platelet aggregation

A
  • activated platelets stick together to form a platelet plug
  • plug reinforced by fibrin threads formed later during clotting process
61
Q

What occurs during coagulation? (blood clotting)

A

fibrinogen –> fibrin –> traps platelets/WBCs –> clot

*stops vessel leak until CT forms a permanent patch

62
Q

What are the necessary factors for clotting?

A

Ca2+, enzymes synthesized by hepatic cells, substances released by platelets/damaged T

63
Q

How is fibrin created?

A
  1. Prothombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin (active); Ca2+ necessary for activation
  2. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
64
Q

What is the role of fibrin in blood clotting?

A

traps RBCs and platelets at damage site to form clot; reinforce platelet plug

65
Q

If a clot forms too easily…

A

can lead to thrombosis (blocks blood flow)

66
Q

If a clot does not form…

A

will result in hemorrhage

67
Q

megakaryocytes

A

red bone marrow splinter into fragments to create platelets

68
Q

Platelet-rich Plasma therapy

A
  1. centrifuge
  2. take the buffy layer and inject into the patient
  3. promote tissue regeneration
69
Q

haemophilia

A

inherited. clotting deffiency, excessive bleeding

70
Q

leukemia

A

abnormal production of red blood cells or white blood cells. May be cancerous. This abnormal production interferes with the production of RBC, WBC, platelets

BIOL 1190 COPY M.L (18 decks)

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