Ch 18: Peripheral vascular and lymphatic assessment Flashcards
What is the function of the arteries
What kind of blood do they carry and to where
What makes arteries expand and recoil and how does it generate this
To supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Arteries carry oxygenated blood through arteries away from the heart to tissues
Each heartbeat (Pulse) creates a pressure wave making arteries expand and recoil
Give Alton pulse sites and group them to corresponding body structures (broad)
Temporal carotid -head/neck apical brachial radial ulnar-arm femoral popliteal dorsalis pedis posterior tibial-feet and legs
Give the three layers of an arterial/ arterioles walls
Tunica INtima
tunica MEDia
tunica EXTERNa
What do capillaries exchange between where
What do we use to test the capillaries
Give a brief description of the technique used to test
Give norm
Capillaries exchange nutrients gases between vessels and tissues
Capillaries tested using Capillaries refill
You press the Bed of the finger nail for 5 seconds let go watch the finger pink
Norm: Less than 3 seconds
What does smooth epithelial cells line and prevent from inside
What happens if there’s injury to the smooth epithelial cells
Smooth epithelial cells line blood vessels, prevent platelet adhesion and thrombus formation
Injury to sells creates arteriosclerosis
What are the elastic fibers in the heart allow
Allow arteries to constrict and recoil
What is an important fact about veins that are farther from the hear and why
The more distal the vein from the heart the greater number of valves it has because of gravity‘s pull beibg stronger
What is another name for veins
What kind of blood do veins carry and to where
What does it mean to say veins are capacitance vessels and why
Veins a.k.a. capacitance vessels
Veins carry deoxygenated blood To the heart
To say beans are capacitance vessels means that they collect the most blood in them because they hold a major portion of the intramuscular blood volume and lower muscles
What do Veins rely on to combat the pull of gravity and what do they promote
Veins rely on muscle pump to combat the pull of gravity and promote venous return
What do calf and leg muscle contractions promote and to where
Give an example of when calf and leg muscles promote this
Calf and leg muscle contractions promote venous blood flow (venous return) to body and brain
 A great example is when you go from sitting to standing too fast and you get dizzy the calf and leg muscles have to contract to increase that venous blood flow

What is a hospital application (2) that imitate walking to prevent DVT and in who
hospitals people use
SCD(sequential compression devices)
Tedhole socks
that pulsate the calf to imitate walking in those were bedbound to prevent DVT‘s
What is the pressure gradient
Why do veins have valves
Pressure gradient = The force pushing blood through the blood vessels
valves to prevent the pull of gravity so they have uni directional flow
What do you develop if you have an interruption in the pressure gradient
What are risk factors for this development
Mainly: women’s standing for long periods
-pregnant
- Women +50
- sitting or standing for too long
- Being overweight
What is the direction the lymphatic system runs 
What is The lymphatic system function
The lymphatic system runs parallel to arteries and veins
The lymphatic system maintains fluid and protein balance AND Works with immune system V inf
What does lymph nodes carry into where
Where does a lymph flow in the arm drain to
Where does lymph from your lower extremities drain into

Lymph nodes carry lymph tissue back to the bloodstream
Lymph flow in the arms drains to
- Epi-trochlear
- axillary (central)
- infraclavicular
Lymph from lower extremities drains into:
-inguinal “horizontal” nodes 
What is another name for inguinal nodes
If you have a patient whos superficial lymph nodes are accessible what do you want to asses for 
Inguinal nodes= horizontal
If a patient has superficial notes accessible assess if cancerous
Give the location of the epitrochlear note
Epi-trochlear node found 1 inch above the elbow on medial (inner side)
Where are the thoracic ducts located And where do they return lymph fluid to
Thoracic docks located between the subclavian and internal jugular veins
Thoracic veins return lymph to the circulation
What is the definition of arterial sclerotic disease
(give the one medical term and explain it)
Arterial sclerotic disease is claudication
=narrow blocked arteries causing very little blood flow to pass through
Give the definition of arteriosclerosis
Why does systolic blood pressure increase in your older population
Arterial sclerosis is The Hardening and less compliance of arteries
-(arterial calcification)
You seen increase in salt blood pressure in your older population because of decreased arterial compliance 
What are the two main factors in peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Peripheral artery disease = arteriosclerosis + arteriosclerotic disease
In a patient who has arteriosclerotic disease what is going to be their main complaint and why does this happen
The main complaint of someone with arteriosclerotic diseas
complain about Bilat pain while walking short distances
due to claudication
Who is peripheral artery disease (PAD) dramatically seen in
Give gender statistic
PAD dramatically seen in 70-80 year-olds
= in men and woman
What cultural populations has the highest risk for hypertension and peripheral arterial disease
African-American and Mexican women have the highest risk for hypertension and peripheral arterial disease
How much blood volume does a pregnant woman typically have
What does this extra blood volume cause
What are the results from this extra blood volume
Pregnant women have 2x the blood volume
The extra blood volume obstruct the iliac vein in the inferior vena cava
Resulting in: -dependent edema -varicose veins -Hemorrhoids 
Who is arteriosclerosis more commonly found in now what does ir correlate to
Now it’s usual to see children and teens with arteriosclerosis closely associated with:
- high cholesterol
- obesity
- physical activity
- high-fat diet
- hereditary

What is a complete arterial occlusion
What kind of assessment is needed for a complete arterial occlusion
What are signs and symptoms

Complete arterial occlusion is no blood flow to the limb
Complete arterial occlusion is a urgent assessment (threatens the limb)
Signs and symptoms include: -coldness -Color change in extremity -pain -numbing
What do you do if you are assessing in your encounter deep vein trombosis (DVT)
Give signs and symptoms for DVT
Give the immediate interventions for DVT
If encountered DVT, stop assessment get help for anticoagulants NOW!
- warmness in affected extremity
- Erythema
- pain
- edema
- Start anticoags
- Get D dimer
- Heparin stat (5-10k units)
- Heparin drip (1-1.5k units)
What are risk factors for DVT +2
Vascular epithelial injuries
Venous stasis
-bedrest
- Postop hip/ knee surgery with anesthesia
- Contraceptives/pregnancy
- Patient with respiratory issues (intubated/coma)
What is a pulmonary embolism

What type of assessment is a pulmonary embolism
Give signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism
What is the #1 diagnostic test to conduct for PE
1 diagnostic test for PE = D dimer
Pulmonary embolism is a blood clot from the legs that traveled to the lungs
PE is an emergency assessment
Signs and symptoms:
- Extreme anxiety (flailing of doom)
- acute dyspnea
-  unilateral chest pain
- tachycardia
- petichae on chest 
What does a D timer test reflect
What is the value of the D dimer test when there is a clot
Didama test reflects coagulation
(rapid degradation of Fibrin)
D dimer result of 
+500 ng/mL = clot
