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Pharma Recall - Pharmacology > Ch 18 - Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse - DONE > Flashcards

Ch 18 - Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse - DONE Flashcards

1
Q

Name three types of alcohol:

A
  • ethanol
  • methanol
  • ethylene glycol
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2
Q

What is ethanol´s mechanism of action?

A

Ethanol is a CNS depressant that works through γ-aminobutyric (GABA) receptors to enhance the GABA-mediated synaptic transmission.

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3
Q

What is ethanol metabolised to?

A

acetaldehyde

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4
Q

Which enzymes are responsible for the first steps in the metabolism of ethanol?
(READ MORE page 139)

A
  • Alcohol dehydrogenase

- Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

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5
Q

What is acetaldehyde further metabolised into?

A

acetaldehyde is converted into acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase

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6
Q

Are there therapeutic indications for ethanol use?

READ MORE PAGE 140

A

Yes.

  • Methanol overdose
  • Ethylene glycol overdose
  • One alcohol drink (red wine) a day may reduce the risk of coronary artery disease
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7
Q

What are the acute effects of ethanol intoxication?

A
  • euphoria
  • disinhibition
  • slurred speech
  • reduced visual acuity
  • ataxia
  • relaxation of vascular and uterine smooth muscle
  • blood alcohol greater than 300mg/dL can lead to loss of consciousness and decreased myocardial action
  • blood levels greater than 400mg/dL can be fatal
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8
Q

What are the chronic CNS effects of alcoholism?

A

A deficiency of thiamine associated with chronic alcohol use can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
- This disease is characterised by opthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion.

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9
Q

What are the chronic peripheral effects of alcoholism?

A
  • Decreased liver and pancreatic function
  • GI irritation, inflammation, and bleeding
  • Gynecomastia and testicular atrophy in men due to cirrhotic liver´s inability to metabolise Estrogen
  • Hypertension
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Can lead to increased risk of GI cancers even tho it is not carcinogenic
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10
Q

Why is it unsafe for pregnant women to drink alcohol?

A

Ethanol use during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome, which includes:

  • mental retardation
  • growth deficiencies
  • microencephaly
  • malformations of the face and head
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11
Q

DTs =

A

Delirium Tremens

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12
Q

What are “the DTs”?

A

Delirium Tremens:

  • tremor
  • anxiety
  • delusion
  • agitation

These symptoms are experienced by chronic alcohol users who are suddenly deprived of ethanol

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13
Q

What is Disulfiram?

A

an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor

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14
Q

What is Disulfiram used for?

A
  • Disulfiram is used adjunctively in some alcohol treatment programs.
  • Patients who drink while taking Disulfiram while experience nausea, hypotension, and vomiting.
  • These adverse symptoms encourage avoidance of alcohol.
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15
Q

Which drugs are well known to cause disulfiram-type reaction when used in conjunction with alcohol?

A
  • Metronidazole
  • The cephalosporins
  • Procarbazine
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16
Q

What is the management of alcohol toxicity?

A

In the acute phase, the patient is stabilized with supportive therapy such as fluids, thiamine, and electrolyte balancing.
- Long-time detox may include a long-acting sedative with gradual tapering of the dose.

17
Q

What is Phencyclidine?

A
  • Phencyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic that blocks N-methyl, D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
  • It is also a Ketamine analogue.
18
Q

PCP =

A

Phencyclidine

19
Q

Angel dust =

A

Phencyclidine

20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Phencyclidine?

A

Phencyclidine block serotonin (5-HT) uptake

21
Q

What are the central physiological actions of PCP?

A
  • PCP causes a Schizophrenia-like psychosis involving distortion of time, space, and body image.
  • Extremely high doses of PCP can cause seizures and coma
22
Q

What are the peripheral physiological effects of PCP?

A
  • increased BP and HR
  • limb numbness
  • ataxia
  • hypersalivation
  • nystagmus
23
Q

LSD =

A

lysergic acid diethylamide

24
Q

How does the LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) work?

A

LSD interacts with 5HT receptors in the midbrain

25
Q

What are the physiological actions of the LSD in the CNS?

A
  • visual hallucinations and flashbacks
  • arousal
  • excitation
  • disturbed perception
  • disturbed mood
  • panic
26
Q

What are the peripheral physiological effects of LSD?

A
  • Mydriasis
  • Tachycardia
  • Flushing, lacrimation, and salivation
  • Increased BP
27
Q

What drug can block the hallucinatory effects of LSD?

A

Haloperidol

28
Q

What is Marijuana?

A

Marijuana´s s active component is Δ-9 THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which is derived from flowering tops of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa)

29
Q

What are Marijuana´s effect of the CNS?

A
  • Sedation
  • Euphoria
  • Decreased psychomotor activity
  • Impaired judgement, memory, and time sense
30
Q

What peripheral physiological effects do Marijuana have?

A
  • increased HR and BP
  • Injected (red) conjuctiva
  • Dry mouth
  • Bronchodilation
  • Increased appetite
31
Q

Does Marijuana have any clinical indications?

A

Yes.
Dronabinol is a pharmaceutical preparation of Δ-9 THC that is used to treat anorexia related to terminal conditions and as antiemetic in chemotherapy

32
Q

What is Cocaine´s mechanism of action?

A

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine (5-HT) into presynaptic nerve terminals.
- This blockade results in enhanced activity of these neurotransmitters

33
Q

What physiological changes occur as a result of Cocaine use?

A
  • Cocaine causes mydriasis
  • increased HR, alertness, and self-confidence
  • induces a temporary state of euphoria by stimulating the limbic system
34
Q

Mydriasis def (google):

A

dilation of the pupil of the eye

35
Q

What are the signs of Cocaine overdose?

A
  • Excitation
  • Hallucination and psychosis
  • Seizures
  • Hypertension
  • Respiratory depression
  • Arrhythmias secondary to coronary vasospasm
  • Coma
36
Q

Does Cocaine have any clinical use?

A

Yes. It is sometimes used as a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor during ENT procedures

37
Q

Are there any additional drugs that can be abused?

A
  • Almost any drug has the potential for abuse

Pharma Recall - Pharmacology (14 decks)

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