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Pharma Recall - Pharmacology > Ch 17 - CNS Stimulants - DONE > Flashcards

Ch 17 - CNS Stimulants - DONE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of CNS stimulants?

A

A CNS stimulant is a drug that increases motor activity, causes excitement, and decreases the feelings of fatigue.

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2
Q

Give examples of CNS stimulants:

A
  • Methylxanthine
  • Nicotine
  • Amphetamine
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3
Q

What are Methylxanthines?

A

A group of psychomotor stimulants including:

  • Caffeine
  • Theophylline
  • Theobromine (found in cocoa)
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4
Q

How do Methylxanthines work?

A

Methylxanthines increase cGMP and cAMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and blocking adenosine receptors

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5
Q

What are the physiological effects of caffeine?

CNS

A

Caffeine increases motor activity and alertness

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6
Q

What are the physiological effects of caffeine?

Cardiovascular

A

Caffeine increase the heart rate and contractility

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7
Q

What are the physiological effects of caffeine?

Smooth muscle

A

Caffeine and its derivatives relax the smooth muscle of the bronchioles

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8
Q

What are the physiological effects of caffeine?

Genitourinary

A

Caffeine can act as weak diuretics and increase urinary output of Na+, Cl-, and K+

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9
Q

What are the physiological effects of caffeine?

GI

A

Caffeine stimulates secretion of HCL from the gastric mucosa. Therefore patients who have peptic ulcer disease should be counseled to avoid caffein

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10
Q

What are the adverse effect of chronic use of caffeine?

A
  • at low doses: insomnia and agitation can occur

- at higher doses: emesis, convulsion, and even cardiac arrhythmias can occur

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11
Q

Do the Methylxanthines cross the placenta?

A

Yes, and they are secreted into the mother´s milk. Patients should be advised to avoid them during pregnancy and while nursing.

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12
Q

What is the therapeutic role of Theophylline?

A

Theophylline can be used in the treatment of asthma, but currently it is not being frequently used because it has a very narrow therapeutic index and is not as effective as the new β agonists

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13
Q

How are the physiological effect of nicotine related to the dose?

A
  • low doses: nicotine causes ganglionic stimulation by depolarization
  • high doses: nicotine causes ganglionic blockade
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14
Q

What are the physiologic actions of nicotine on the CNS at low doses?

A
  • arousal
  • relaxation
  • improved attention
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15
Q

What are the physiologic actions of nicotine on the CNS at high doses?

A

central respiratory paralysis caused by disruption of medullary function

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16
Q

How does the nicotine affect the peripheral nervous system at low doses?

A
  • increase in BP and HR

- constriction of blood vessels to the digits and impairment of flow

17
Q

How does the nicotine affect the peripheral nervous system at high doses?

A

decrease in BP and in action of GI and GU tract due to ganglionic blockade

18
Q

GU tract =

A

genitourinary tract

19
Q

What are nicotine´s therapeutic use?

A

As an ingrediant of a transdermal patch or chewing-gum, low-dose nicotine is used to help with smoking cessation

20
Q

Name three amphetamines:

A
  1. methylphenidate
  2. methamphetamine
  3. dextroamphetamine
21
Q

How do amphetamine work?

A

Amphetamines work by releasing neuronal stores of catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and dopamine

22
Q

What are the physiological action of amphetamine?

A
  • euphoria
  • decrease in fatigue
  • increase in BP
  • increase in rate of respiration
  • decrease in appetite
23
Q

What is the clinical use of amphetamine?

A
  • ADHD
  • Appetite control
  • Narcolepsy
24
Q

What is used to treat ADHD?

A

methylphenidate (an amphetamine)

25
Q

What is used to control the appetite?

A

Amphetamines decrease appetite by blocking the receptors in the lateral hypothalamus

26
Q

What is used to treat narcolepsy?

A

Amphetamines

27
Q

What is the route of administration of Amphetamines?

A

oral

28
Q

where are Amphetamines metabolised and excreted?

A
  • metabolised in the liver

- excreted in the urine

29
Q

Does physiological and psychological dependence occur with Amphetamines use?

A

Yes, Amphetamines can be very addictive

30
Q

Amphetamines AE:

CNS

A
  • insomnia
  • irritability
  • convulsions
  • chronic use can lead to a psychotic state resembling Schizophrenia
31
Q

Amphetamines AE:

GI

A
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • dry mouth
32
Q

Amphetamines AE:

Cardiovascular

A
  • palpitations
  • angina
  • arrhythmias
  • hypertension
33
Q

With what group of drugs are Amphetamines CI with?

A

The monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

34
Q

How is Amphetamines overdose managed?

A

Chlorpromazine in beneficial in Amphetamines overdose because it blocks the α receptors which are responsible for the CNS disturbances and hypertension

Pharma Recall - Pharmacology (14 decks)

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