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Drive To Survive > ch 18-22 > Flashcards

ch 18-22 Flashcards

1
Q

front-wheel drive

A
  • tend to have better traction on slick roads due to the weight resting on front axle
  • better fuel economy
  • disadvantages
    1. nose-heavy: may not handle as well during high-speed or performance driving
    2. torque steering- may pull to one side during heavy acceleration
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2
Q

rear-wheel drive

A
  • better acceleration due to weight shifting toward rear tires
  • better weight distribution for stability and handling
  • disadvantage: may have poor handling on slick roads
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3
Q

all-wheel drive

A
  • part-time: operates as a front-wheel drive until it sense need for all 4
  • designed to handle slippery conditions on paved roads
  • disadvantage: incr weight = lower fuel economy
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4
Q

4-wheel drive

A
  • power is transferred from drive train to transfer case which divides power b/t front and rear axles so that max torque is applied to all 4 wheels
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5
Q

4-wheel low

A
  • provides more torque
  • only used at slow speeds
  • when switching to 4 low, must slow down to 2-3 mph or to a full stop
  • crawl ratio: ability to travel over rough terrain in 1st gear at idle speed w/o having to depress clutch to keep from stalling
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6
Q

4-wheel high

A
  • designed for slippery conditions like loose dirt, gravel, or sand
  • not for rough off-road conditions
  • if driven on paved roads, may have steering or braking issues
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7
Q

During off-road operations, what is the key facet of safe driving

A
  • understanding the vehicles abilities and limitations
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8
Q

purpose of differentials..

A
  • allow the outside tires to spin faster than the inside tires, preventing the inside tires from being dragged through the turn
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9
Q

open differentials

A
  • torque is split equally
  • problem when one wheel is on a slick surface and the other is on a dry road
  • wheel will receive equal torque but will have unequal rotational speed
    wheel on slick surface will spin freely w/o enough torque given to the wheel on asphalt (or more stable surface). Where an LSD will would transfer the power b/t the wheels. Or where a locking dif would allow the tire on asphalt to move, resulting in the truck moving regardless of the other tire since they rotate together at the same rotational speed
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10
Q

locking differential

A
  • wheels spin at the same speed, regardless of the traction
  • equal rotational speed and unequal torque
  • will cause tires to scuff during a turn
    would allow the tire on asphalt to move, resulting in the truck moving regardless of the slick surface of the other tire
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11
Q

limited-slip differential (LSD)

A
  • combined advantages of open and locked dif.
  • allows tires to rotated at different speeds, preventing slip during turns
  • also allows torque transfer b/t tires when need
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12
Q

off-road driving considerations

A
  • driving surface: damp soil gives best traction, loose/dry soil can cause tires to spin, wet/muddy soil fill tire treads turning tires into skis
  • terrain: slope and obstructions
  • vehicle: jeep or large pumper? Know rollover threshold, angle of approach/departure, 4wd?
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13
Q

off-road operations: conditions for when fire apparatus can be driven anywhere other than paved or hard-surface roads may include:

A

brush fires, technical rescues, or med transports

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14
Q

off-road operations: drive straight up or down a hill because…

A
  • an angle may cause rollover
  • if it begins to slide, steer in the direction of the slide and release brakes and throttle
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15
Q

off-road operations: understand angle of approach/departure

A

basically whether or not its too steep to clear the bumper

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16
Q

off-road operations: if slope may be too steep for parking brake to hold…

A

test first, always use chocks

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17
Q

off-road operations: when climbing…

A
  1. weight will shift to the rear, loss of traction
  2. know what’s on the other side (cliff or lrg rocks)
  3. if stalls, back down, pick up speed to try again
  4. low gear at idle speed, light brake or throttle, too much can cause skid
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18
Q

off-road operations: when going downhill…

A
  1. lowest gear possible
  2. applying brakes may cause skid
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19
Q

off-road operations: when encountering rocks, stumps or other ground obstructions…

A
  • don’t straddle them, drive over them
  • use a spotter
  • know the layout and lowest points of the undercarriage
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20
Q

off-road operations: before crossing water or mud…

A
  • check the depth
  • after, braking efficiency may be reduced
  • know location of air intake
  • drive slowly, you can’t see in front of the vehicle, if there’s a wave, slow down
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21
Q

off-road operations: beware of rocks wedged b/t dual tires, can cause…

A

blow out

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22
Q

off-road operations: be aware of the capabilities of the road, avoid…

A
  • driving on unstable roads that my collapse
22
Q

off-road operations: when driving in sand…

A
  • try to keep moving at all times
  • reducing tire pressure will give more surface area (beware of debeading)
  • if stuck, try to wet the sand
  • roll to stop, brakes may cause skid or digging into sand
  • re-inflate tires immediately after
23
Q

off-road seatbelt use

A
  • NFPA 1500 A.6.3.1:
  • FFs riding on outside of the vehicles to fight wildland fires can be dangerous, recommended to be prohibited
  • issues:
    1. exposure from an unprotected position
    2. drivers vision is impaired
    3. may pass over or by areas not completely extinguished causing flare ups that could cut off escape routes
  • recommended that 2 FFs each w/ a hose line walk ahead and aside the vehicles path, on the same side and in clear view of the driver
  • areas not extinguished shouldn’t be passed unless follow-up crews are operating behind and there is no danger to escape routes or personnel
24
Q

selecting a winch

A
  • weight of the vehicle x 1.5
  • max pulling capacity is rated w/ the first layer of rope wound on the drum’
  • on avg, each layer will reduce by approx 10-15%
  • rope should be stretch before first use
25
Q

electric or a PTO-driven hydraulic winch
(pros and cons)

A

Electric:
-pros
1. if vehicle is disabled or stalled, should still be able to run off battery power
-cons
1. risk of completely draining battery
2. more prone to overheating, during a long pull, may need to stop and allow to cool
hydraulic:
-pros
1. no placing large load on battery system
2. less prone to overheating
-cons
1. if the vehicle is stalled or bogged down, it might not function

26
Q

rule of thumb, one inch of strap webbing equals…

A
  • 10,000lbs of load
  • ensure that the truck is equipped w/ properly rated anchor and recovery straps
27
Q

when properly matching straps to vehicle, use a safety margin of _:1

A
  • 2
28
Q

tree trunk protector

A
  • “rigging strap”
  • non elastic nylon webbing
  • safe to use around an anchor point for a winch pull
  • wrap around anchor point and secure w/ D-shackle or clevis
  • winch hook is then attached to shackle
29
Q

choker chains

A
  • can be used as for anchor points
  • pro: can be used on sharp objects
  • con: may damage the anchor point
30
Q

recovery straps

A
  • used by one truck to pull or “snatch” another
  • often made of nylon w/ elastic properties
  • allow it to stretch, transferring the stretch energy to the trapped truck
  • never used as anchor points
31
Q

tow straps

A
  • used to pull one truck behind another when the wheels can moved freely
  • typical made from polyester
  • shouldn’t be used for snatching, lack of elasticity may cause it to snap
32
Q

using a winch for recovery operations

A
  • used when truck is winching itself out or by another vehicle
  • at least 5 wraps should always be left on spool to ensure the connection point b/t rope and drum doesn’t take all of the strain
  • no one standing in area of winch rope
  • avoid touch winch rope under tension
  • wear gloves at all times
  • use a hook strap to hold winch hook
  • 2 mats or coats on winch rope, 8-10ft from anchor point and 8-10ft from winch drum
  • open hood of truck to act as shield
  • for electric winch: leave approx 1ft of slack, giving winch enough time to wind up to full RPM
33
Q

anchor points

A
  • only proper anchor straps and chains used
  • never wrap winch rope around anchor point and tie it back to itself
  • ensure winch rope is as straight as possible
    1. ensures rope winds evenly back into drum, not crossing over itself
    2. consider snatch block to another anchor point to adjust the path of the rope
  • may use a 2nd vehicle
  • don’t attach to a tow ball, designed to handle downward force of trailer not pulling
34
Q

Calculating winch pulls

A

Terrain - Ground Factor
pavement - 5%
grass - 10%
wet sand/gravel - 15% - 20%
dry sand - 25% - 30%
shallow mud - 35% +
heavy mud - 50% - 60%

loaded weight x ground factor = winch pull
+
((slope in degrees)/60 x loaded weight) + loaded weight = winch pull
=
Total Winch Pull

35
Q

using a recovery strap

A
  • do not connect the 2 truck by trying a knot in the strap and making a loop
  • make sure the strap is choked on itself and secured to designated anchor points on both trucks
36
Q

mirror adjusting and use when backing apparatus

A
  • learn to use and learn blind spots
  • ensure properly adjusted before driving:
    1. position seat properly
    2. lean towards drivers window until head is touching the glass, adjust until you can just see the outer edge of the truck
    3. lean towards passenger side and do the same
37
Q

use of spotters when backing apparatus

A
  • use if there’s blindspots, if not put truck in park and check for yourself
  • conduct the walk-around IMMEDIATELY before driving. Conditions can change
  • if driver loses sight of spotter, stop immediately, may have tripped and can be ran over
  • if using multiple spotters, only one communicated w/ driver
  • high-vis clothing, flashlight and radio
  • avoid walking in behind or in the path of travel
  • avoid walking backwards
  • spotter and driver should have face-to-face before backing for the plan to maneuver
  • when there’s sun glare in mirrors, rear corner spotter can relay to front corner spotter
38
Q

other safety considerations when backing

A
  • learn to use backup camera, understand its limitations
  • be aware of overhead and ground hazards
  • cognizant of changing light conditions
  • ensure back-up alarms and emergency stop devices are working
  • keep bay clear of hazards
39
Q

traffic fatalities occur ___ times more often at night than during the day.

A

3

40
Q

factors affecting driver’s ability to see a hazard

A
  • conspicuity: likelihood that an object will to the attention of the driver
  • contrast: characteristics which something appear different from something else, help determine how accurately/quickly it can be seen
  • glare
  • age: decreases visual acuity at night
41
Q

headlights

A
  • on avg, low beams project approx 250 ft in front, high beams 500ft
  • halogens are not as efficient as HIDs, much of their energy is wasted as heat
  • no filament to break in HIDs, will last longer and produce more light
  • higher-end vehicles use LEDs, similar output as HIDs but more efficient, less electricity, less influenced by vibration and shock
  • study by NHTSA: 2/3 has improperly aimed headlights. Will reduce amount of light on road and potential glare for other drivers
  • also ensure windshield is clean, wiper fluid and blades are working properly
42
Q

Nighttime Driving: Two-lane highways
(issues)

A
  • “local roads”
  • issues:
    1. lower light levels: glare becomes more problematic
    2. oncoming traffic closer to driver’s line of sight: beam pattern directing more light to oncoming
    3. complex roadway geometry: sharper curves and steeper grades
    4. less restricted roadway access: greater potential for hazards
    5. fewer roadway markings
    6. closet proximity of pedestrians
43
Q

expectancy

A
  • feeling that something is going to happen
  • plays large role in driver safety
  • drive in defensive fashion, constantly scanning and expecting the worst
44
Q

fog

A
  • most common fog is formed when moist air condenses over cool ground
  • can reduce coefficient of friction
  • can affect depth perception
  • fog lights: light the area directly around vehicle, can cause pupils to constrict and not being able to see as far down the road
  • use emergency warning lights and hazard flashers
45
Q

ice

A
  • can incr stopping distance as much as 4x
  • black ice: thin glaze of clear ice when temp near road is below 32 and rain is falling, in shaded areas, bridges, overpasses, early morning/evening
  • can form from vehicles exhaust, be weary at intersections where cars have been stopped
46
Q

sleet and freezing rain

A
  • freezing rain: rain falls through thin cold layer, then immediately freezes when it lands creating a layer of ice, common cause of black ice. Be aware of falling trees/branches and low hanging wires from freezing wait weighing them down
  • sleet: falls through thicker layer, freezes into pellet
47
Q

wind

A
  • difficulty maintaining lane of travel
  • sudden gusts can catch driver off-guard
  • sudden wind from tractor-trailer
  • leave plenty of space
  • watch fro debris
48
Q

visual distractions

A
  • cause driver to take eyes off the road
  • include reading a text, looking at the radio, looking down to find something
49
Q

manual distractions

A
  • causes driver to take their hands off the wheel
  • include eating, applying make-up, or manipulating a handheld electronic
50
Q

cognitive distractions

A
  • will take drivers mind off the road
  • people often underestimate the danger of not paying attention
  • most common is talking on the phone, its not holding the phone that causes the distraction, it’s paying attention to the conversation instead of the driving task
  • inattention blindness: when a person looks at something but doesn’t see it
  • tunnel vision: will focus on smaller viewing area
51
Q

fatigued and sleepy driving

A
  • when we feel sleepy we want to sleep
  • when we feel fatigued, we want to stop what we’re doing
  • both result in decreased mental and physical capacity
52
Q

causes of fatigue

A
  • acute lack of sleep: symptoms similar to being drunk. awake for 17 hours = similar to BAC of 0.05%, awake for 24 hours = BAC of 0.10%
  • chronic lack of sleep: requires several full nights of sleep to recover
  • medical conditions: such as sleep apnea, narcolepsy and age-related conditions can affect sleep quality
  • circadian rhythm
  • monotonous and lengthy tasks: long drive
  • medications
53
Q

“Caffeine Nap”

A
  • drinking a cup of coffee and them immediately take a 15-20 min nap
  • person will feel more alert

Drive To Survive (6 decks)

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