Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exposure > Ch. 17 The Pathology Problem (Exp II) > Flashcards

Ch. 17 The Pathology Problem (Exp II) Flashcards

1
Q

As radiation passes through the patient, it undergoes:

A
  • Attenuation
  • Absorption
  • Scatter and secondary interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The greatest single variable a radiographer faces with producing optimum image quality is:

A

The patient’s condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If a disease causes the affected body tissue to ___, there will be greater attenuation of the x-ray beam.

A

Increase in density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A pathology that is easier to penetrate is called a ______ condition.

A

Destructive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A pathology that is difficult to penetrate is an ____ condition.

A

Additive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following pathologies is not considered an additive condition?

a. Abcess
b. Edema
c. Ascites
d. Atrophy

A

D. Atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following pathologies is not considered an additive condition?

a. Atelectasis
b. Pneumonia
c. Emphysema
d. Empyema

A

c. Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which of the following pathologies is not considered an additive condition?

a. Congestive heart failure
b. Pneumothorax
c. Pleural effusions
d. Hemothorax

A

b. Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following pathologies is not considered an additive condition?

a. Osteoporosis
b. Calcified stones
c. Miliary tuberculosis
d. Cardiomegaly

A

a. Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following pathologies would require an increase in kVp?

a. Bowel obstruction
b. Pneumothorax
c. Emphysema
d. Bacterial pneumonia

A

d. Bacterial pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which pathologic condition involves a collapse of part or the entire lung?

A

Atelectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which pathologic condition involves the bacterial inflammation of lung tissue?

A

Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which pathologic condition involves the filling of the interstitial lung tissues and is commonly associated with congestive heart failure?

A

Pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which pathologic condition involves the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which pathologic condition involves fibrotic changes in the liver parenchyma and is an additive condition?

A

Cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which pathologic condition involves a tumor arising in the bone and cartilage, adding to subject density?

A

Osteochondroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

After taking a radiograph using 300 mA, 0.043 sec, 80 kVp, you notice the image is underexposed and diagnostically of little value. In order to get a noticeable improvement in image quality, your next exposure should be taken at:

a. 150 mA, 0.043 sec, 92 kVp
b. 400 mA, 0.05 sec, 80 kVp
c. 300 mA, 0.043 sec, 68 kVp
d. 500 mA, 26 ms, 82 kVp

A

b. 400 mA, 0.05 sec, 80 kVp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A patient with a small bronchopneumonia has developed a large pneumothorax. The correct selection of exposure factors would require:

A

A decrease in exposure technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An increase of _______ will compensate for most additive pathological conditions.

A

5-15% in kVp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When healthy lung tissue becomes fibrotic such as in the condition of pnuemoconiosis,

a. Tissue density increases
b. An increase in exposure technique may be necessary
c. An additive condition is present
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Most destructive conditions should require a reduction in _____ to compensate for the tissue condition.

A

mAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Newborn babies typically swallow large amounts of air as they cry. This presents a condition of _____ and would require a/an _______ in exposure technique.

A

Aerophagia; reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A small 5 mm renal calculi in a patient’s KUB image would represent:

A

No change in exposure technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

As a patient is undergoing a colon examination, you notice under fluoroscopy the presence of colonic diverticuli in the descending and rectosigmoid colon. As you prepare for follow-up radiographs, you would determine your exposure technique and…

A

Make no technique changes for this condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

As you perform a KUB radiograph on an elderly cancer patient who is cachexic and emaciated, you select AEC for the exposure. In order to achieve optimum image quality, you should:

A

Allow the AEC system to adjust technique for the patient’s condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Generally speaking, a ______ loss in bone substance must take place before it is detected radiographically.

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The condition of _____ presents a characteristic “ground-glass” appearance radiographiclly and is considered a/an ______ condition.

A

Ascites; additive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

An increased venous congestion in the lungs is associated with _____ and is a/an _____ condition, requiring ______ exposure technique.

A

Congestive heart failure; additive; more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

List increased attenuation conditions for multiple sites:

A
  • Abscess
  • Edema
  • Tumors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

List decreased attenuation conditions for multiple sites:

A
  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • Atrophy
  • Emaciation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

List increased attenuation conditions for the chest:

A
  • Atelectasis
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Cardiomegaly
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Empyema
  • Pleural effusions
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Pneumonia
  • Pneumonectomy
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Tuberculosis (advanced/miliary)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

List decreased attenuation conditions for the chest:

A
  • Emphysema

- Pneumothorax

33
Q

List increased attenuation conditions of the abdomen:

A
  • Aortic aneurysm
  • Ascites
  • Cirrhosis
  • Calcified stones
34
Q

List decreased attenuation conditions of the abdomen:

A
  • Aerophagia

- Bowel obstruction

35
Q

List increased attenuation conditions of the extremities and the skull:

A
  • Acromegaly
  • Chronic osteomyelitis
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Osteoblasic metastases
  • Osteochondroma
  • Paget’s disease
  • Sclerosis
36
Q

List decreased attenuation conditions of the extremities and the skull:

A
  • Active osteomyelitis
  • Aseptic necrosis
  • Carcinoma
  • Degenerative arthritis
  • Fibrosarcoma
  • Gout
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Osteolytic metastases
  • Oseomalacia
  • Osteoporosis
37
Q

Abscess:

A

Additive condition.

An encapsulated infection increases tissue thickness and may alter composition, particularly in the lungs.

38
Q

Edema:

A

Additive condition.

Swelling causes an increase in tissue thickness and may alter composition if it occurs in the lungs.

39
Q

Tumor:

A

An abnormal new growth is tissue results in an increase in tissue thickness and may alter composition, particularly in the lungs or bones or when calcification results.

40
Q

Atelectasis:

A

Additive condition.
A collapse of the lung results in airlessness of all or part of the lung tissue. This causes lung tissue density to increase.

41
Q

Bronchiectasis:

A

Additive condition.
The chronic dilation of the bronchi can result in peribronchial thickening and small areas of atelectasis. This causes an increase in lung tissue density.

42
Q

Cardiomegaly:

A

Additive condition.

An enlargement of the heart causes an increase in thickness of the part.

43
Q

Congestive Heart Failure:

A

Additive condition.
When the heart is in failure, the cardiac output is diminished. This results in backward failure, or increased venous congestion in the lungs. Lung tissue density is increased and the heart is enlarged as well.

44
Q

Empyema:

A

Additive condition.

Pus in the thoracic cavity causes an increase in tissue denisty.

45
Q

Pleural Effusions (Hemothorax, Hydrothorax):

A

Additive condition.
When the pleural cavity fills with either blood or serous fluid, it displaces normal lung tissue. This results in an increased tissue density within the thoracic cavity.

46
Q

Pneumoconiosis:

A

Additive condition.
The inhalation of dust particles can cause fibrotic (scarring) changes. When healthy lung tissue becomes fibrotic, the density of the tissue increases.

47
Q

Pneumonectomy:

A

Additive condition.
The removal of a lung will cause the affected side to demonstrate an increase in density because normal air-filled lung tissue is removed.

48
Q

Pneumonia (pneumonitis):

A

Additive condition.
Inflammation of the lung tissues causes fluid to fill in the alveolar spaces. Fluid has much greater tissue density than the air normally present.

49
Q

Pulmonary edema:

A

Additive condition.
When fluid fills the interstitial lung tissues and the alveoli, tissue density increases. This is a typical complication of congestive heart failure.

50
Q

Tuberculosis (advanced and miliary):

A

Additive condition.
An infection by a mycobacteria causes the inflammatory response, which results in an increases in fluid in the lungs. If the mycobacteria were inhaled, it generally begins as a localized lesion (usually upper lobes), which can spread to a more advanced stage. If the infection reaches the lungs by the bloodstream, it has a more diffuse spread (miliary TB). Increased tissue density results in both advanced and miliary TB.

51
Q

Aortic Aneurysm:

A

Additive condition.

A large dilatation of the aorta will result in increased thickness of the affected part.

52
Q

Ascites:

A

Additive condition.
Fluid accumulation within the peritoneal cavity causes an increase in tissue thickness. The free fluid has a unique “ground glass” appearance radiographically.

53
Q

Calcified Stones:

A

Additive condition.
Stones are most commonly found throughout the abdomen in such organs as the gallbladder and the kidney. Calcium may deposited, which causes an increase in the effective atomic number of the tissue.

54
Q

Cirrhosis:

A

Additive condition.
Fibrotic changes in the liver cause the liver to enlarge and ascites can result. The result is an increase in the thickness of the liver and the entire abdomen.

55
Q

Acromegaly:

A

Additive condition.
An overgrowth of the hands, feet, face, and jaw as a result of hypersecretion of growth hormones in the adult will result in an increase in bone mass.

56
Q

Chronic Osteomyelitis:

A

Additive condition.

A chronic bone infection results in new bone growth at the infected site.

57
Q

Hydrocephalus:

A

Additive condition.
A dilatation of the fluid-filled cerebral ventricles causes an enlargement of the head, resulting in an increased thickness.

58
Q

Osteoblastic Metastases:

A

Additive condition.

The spread of cancer to bone can result in uncontrolled new bone growth.

59
Q

Osteochondroma:

A

Additive condition.

A tumor arising in the bone and cartilage will result in an increased thickness of the bone.

60
Q

Paget’s Disease (osteitis deformans):

A

Additive condition.
An increase occurs in bone cell activity, which leads to new one growth. The result is increased bone thickness, with the pelvis, spine, and skull most often affected.

61
Q

Sclerosis:

A

Additive condition.

An increase in hardening as a result of a chronic inflammation in bone. This increases the density of the bone tissue.

62
Q

Anorexia Nervosa:

A

Destructive condition.

A psychological eating disorder that results in an extreme weight loss. Overall body thickness is reduced.

63
Q

Atrophy:

A

Destructive condition.
A wasting away of body tissue with diminished cell proliferation, resulting in reduced thickness of a specific part or the entire body.

64
Q

Emaciation:

A

Destructive condition.

A generalized wasting away of body tissue, resulting in reduced thickness of the body.

65
Q

Emphysema:

A

Destructive condition.

The overdistention of the lung tissues by air will result in a decrease in lung tissue density.

66
Q

Pneumothorax:

A

Destructive condition.

Free air in the pleural cavity displaces normal lung tissue and results in decreased density within the thoracic cavity.

67
Q

Aerophagia:

A

Destructive condition.
A psychological disorder resulting in abnormal swallowing of air. The stomach becomes dilated from the air and overall tissue density decreases.

68
Q

Bowel Obstruction:

A

Destructive condition.
An obstruction in the bowel results in the abnormal accumulation of air and fluid. If a large amount of air is trapped in the bowel, the overall density of the tissue is decreased.

69
Q

Active Osteomyelitis:

A

Destructive condition.
With a bone infection, there is initially a loss of bone tissue (containing calcium), resulting in a decrease in the thickness and composition of the part.

70
Q

Aseptic Necrosis:

A

Destructive condition.

Death of bone tissue results in a decrease in composition and thickness of the part.

71
Q

Carcinoma:

A

Destructive condition.

Malignancies in bone can cause an osteolytic process, resulting in decreased thickness and composition of the part.

72
Q

Degenerative Arthritis:

A

Destructive condition.
Inflammation of the joints results in a destruction of adjoining bone tissue, which decreases the composition of the part.

73
Q

Fibrosarcoma:

A

Destructive condition.
This malignant tumor of the metaphysis of bone causes an osteolytic lesion with a “moth-eaten” appearance. The result is reduced bone composition.

74
Q

Gout:

A

Destructive condition.
During the chronic stages of this metabolic disease, areas of bone destruction result in punched-out lesions that reduce the bone composition.

75
Q

Hyperparathyroidism:

A

Destructive condition.
Oversecretion of the parathyroid hormone causes calcium to leave bone and enter the blood stream. The bone becomes demineralized and composition is decreased.

76
Q

Multiple Myeloma:

A

Destructive condition.
This malignant tumor arises from plasma cells of bone marrow and causes punched-out lesions that reduce the bone composition.

77
Q

Osteolytic Metastases:

A

Destructive condition.

When some malignancies spread to bone they produce destruction of the bone, resulting in reduced composition.

78
Q

Osteomalacia:

A

Destructive condition.

A defect in bone mineralization results in decreased composition of the affected bone.

79
Q

Osteoporosis:

A

Destructive condition.
A defect in bone production due to the failure of osteoblasts to lay down bone matrix results in decreased composition of the affected bone.

Exposure (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions