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BIO 101 > Ch. 17- Microorganisms > Flashcards

Ch. 17- Microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses

A

Noncelluar

Consist of 2 parts : outter capsid (protein subunits) / inner core (nucleic acid) - either RNA or DNA

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2
Q

Obligated intracellular parasites

A
  • Reproduce only inside a living cell
    (Has genome that mutates & functions to direct there reproduction when inside a cell)
  • Cannot infect a host cell to which it is unable to attach
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3
Q

Bacteriophage (phage)

A

Virus that reproduces in a bacterium

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4
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Attachment , penetration, biosynthesis , maturation , and release … this is the process of the reproduction of phage.

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5
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  • Infected bacterium does not immediately produce phage.

- Phage is latent-not actively reproducing.

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6
Q

Plant viruses

A

Enter thru damaged tissues and then move about the plant through plasmodesmata (cytoplasmic strands that extend b/w plant cell walls)

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7
Q

Spikes

A

Portions of the envelope that allow the virus to enter a host cell (coded for by viral genes)

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8
Q

Retroviruses

A
  • RNA animal viruses that have a DNA stage (such as HIV)

- contains an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (carries out transcription of RNA to DNA)

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9
Q

Emerging virus

A

Causative agent of a disease that only recently has infected large numbers of people

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10
Q

Viroids

A

Strands of naked RNA

not covered by capsid

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11
Q

Prions (proteinaceous infectious particles)

A
  • Causative agent smaller than a virus
  • misshapen protein
  • result is a fatal prion infection and a neurodegenerative disorder
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12
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • first cellular life on earth
  • no nucleus to contain the genome, no sealed compartments, no membrane-bounded organelles.
  • structurally simple
  • single or unicellular
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13
Q

2 types of Prokaryotes

A
  1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

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14
Q

Cell theory

A
  • all organisms are composed of cells

- cell come from preexisting cells

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15
Q

Biotic synthesis

A

Produced by living cells

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16
Q

Abiotic synthesis

A

Prior to cell life

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17
Q

Protocells

A

Cell-like structures complete with an outer membrane

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18
Q

Bacteria

A

Most diverse and prevalent organisms on earth

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19
Q

Cocci

A

Spheres

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20
Q

Bacilli

A

Rods

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21
Q

Spirilla / Spirillum

A

Spirals

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22
Q

Spirochetes

A

Flexible

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23
Q

Nucleoid

A

Single, closed circle of double stranded DNA constitutes the chromosome, occurs in the area of the cell called the

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24
Q

Plasmids

A

Extrachromosomal DNA molecules

25
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Bacteria have an outer cell wall strengthened not by cellulose, but by

  • which are a complex of polysaccharides linked by amino acids
  • cell wall prevents bacteria from bursting or collapsing due to osmotic changes
26
Q

Binary Fission

A

Bacteria (and archaea) reproduce asexually by means of

- single, circular chromosomes replicates and then two copies separate as the cell enlarges

27
Q

Conjugation

A

A donor cell passes DNA directly to a recipient cell

28
Q

Transformation

A

A bacterium picks up (from the surroundings) free pieces of DNA secreted by live prokaryotes or released by dead prokaryotes

29
Q

Transduction

A

Bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one to another

30
Q

Endospores

A

Portion of the cytoplasm and a copy of the chromosome dehydrate and and are encased by three heavy, protective spore coats

31
Q

Spores survive in the harshest of environments

A
  • desert heat and desiccation, boiling temperatures, polar ice, and extreme ultraviolet radiation
  • they survive very long periods
32
Q

Deadly but uncommon type of food poisoning, caused by the germination of endospores inside cans of food

A

Botulism

33
Q

Photoautotrophs

A
  • plants
  • autotrophs or photosynthesizers
  • depend on solar energy
  • split water and release oxygen
  • example : cyanobacteria (oldest linage)
34
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A
  • chemosynthesizers

- don’t use solar energy at all

35
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A
  • heterotrophs

- like animals, take in organic nutrients, which are used as a source of energy

36
Q

Saprotrophs

A
  • chemoheterotrophic bacteria that send enzymes into the environment and decompose almost any large organic molecule to smaller ones that are absorbable
37
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria may be either free-living or SYMBIOTIC

A
  • they form relationships that are
    (1) mutualistic : benefits both partners
    (2) commensalistic : benefits one partner and the other is not harmed
    (3) parasitic : benefits one partner but the other is harmed - causes diseases
38
Q

Bacteria are decomposes

A
  • digest dead organic remains and return inorganic nutrients to producers
39
Q

Vibrio

A

Slightly curved rod

40
Q

Bioremediation

A

Biological cleanup of an environment that contains harmful chemicals called “pollutants”

41
Q

Microbes that can cause disease

A

Pathogens

42
Q

3 things pathogens can do

A

(1) produce a toxin
(2) adhere to surfaces
(3) invade organs or cells

43
Q

Tree of life contains 3 domains:

A

(1) Archaea
(2) Bacteria
(3) Eukarya

44
Q

Archaea (along w/ some bacteria)

A

Found in extreme environments (hot spring, thermal vents, salt basins)

45
Q

Types of Archaea

A

(1) Methanogens
(2) Halophiles
(3) Thermoacidophiles

46
Q

Methanogens

A
  • methane (CH4) makers = biogas
  • found in anaerobic environments
    (Swamps, Marshes, and intestinal tracts of animals)
  • chemoautotrophs
47
Q

Halophiles

A
  • require high-salt concentrations for growth

- isolated from highly saline environments

48
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A
  • extremely hot, acidic environments

(hot springs, geysers, submarine thermal vents, and area around volcanoes.

49
Q

Protists

A

Inhabit the oceans and other watery environment of the world

50
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A
  • states that mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from prokaryotes that were taken up by a much larger eukaryotic cell
  • supported by presence of double membrane around mitochondria and chloroplasts
51
Q

Algae

A
  • aquatic photosynthesizer
52
Q

Protozoan

A
  • single-celled chemoheterotroph

- has some form of locomotion, by either flagella, pseudopods, or cilia

53
Q

Amoeba “Entamoeba histolytica”

A

Causes amoeba dysentery

54
Q

Zooflagellates

A
  • move by flagella

- cause diseases

55
Q

apicomplexans

A
  • sporozoans
  • produce spores
  • not motile
56
Q

Plasmodium

A
  • causes malaria (transported by mosquitoes)

- most widespread and dangerous protozoan disease

57
Q

Slime molds

A
  • chemoheterotrophs
  • ingest their food in the same manner as the protozoan called amoeba
  • in forest and woodlands, feed on and dispose of dead plant material and material
58
Q

Water molds

A
  • saprotrophic, like fungi

- decompose remains but are also significant parasites of plants and animals in ecosystems

BIO 101 (2 decks)

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