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BIO 101 > Ch. 17- Microorganisms > Flashcards

Ch. 17- Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses

A

Noncelluar

Consist of 2 parts : outter capsid (protein subunits) / inner core (nucleic acid) - either RNA or DNA

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2
Q

Obligated intracellular parasites

A
  • Reproduce only inside a living cell
    (Has genome that mutates & functions to direct there reproduction when inside a cell)
  • Cannot infect a host cell to which it is unable to attach
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3
Q

Bacteriophage (phage)

A

Virus that reproduces in a bacterium

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4
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Attachment , penetration, biosynthesis , maturation , and release … this is the process of the reproduction of phage.

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5
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  • Infected bacterium does not immediately produce phage.

- Phage is latent-not actively reproducing.

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6
Q

Plant viruses

A

Enter thru damaged tissues and then move about the plant through plasmodesmata (cytoplasmic strands that extend b/w plant cell walls)

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7
Q

Spikes

A

Portions of the envelope that allow the virus to enter a host cell (coded for by viral genes)

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8
Q

Retroviruses

A
  • RNA animal viruses that have a DNA stage (such as HIV)

- contains an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (carries out transcription of RNA to DNA)

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9
Q

Emerging virus

A

Causative agent of a disease that only recently has infected large numbers of people

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10
Q

Viroids

A

Strands of naked RNA

not covered by capsid

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11
Q

Prions (proteinaceous infectious particles)

A
  • Causative agent smaller than a virus
  • misshapen protein
  • result is a fatal prion infection and a neurodegenerative disorder
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12
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • first cellular life on earth
  • no nucleus to contain the genome, no sealed compartments, no membrane-bounded organelles.
  • structurally simple
  • single or unicellular
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13
Q

2 types of Prokaryotes

A
  1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

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14
Q

Cell theory

A
  • all organisms are composed of cells

- cell come from preexisting cells

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15
Q

Biotic synthesis

A

Produced by living cells

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16
Q

Abiotic synthesis

A

Prior to cell life

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17
Q

Protocells

A

Cell-like structures complete with an outer membrane

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18
Q

Bacteria

A

Most diverse and prevalent organisms on earth

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19
Q

Cocci

A

Spheres

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20
Q

Bacilli

A

Rods

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21
Q

Spirilla / Spirillum

A

Spirals

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22
Q

Spirochetes

A

Flexible

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23
Q

Nucleoid

A

Single, closed circle of double stranded DNA constitutes the chromosome, occurs in the area of the cell called the

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24
Q

Plasmids

A

Extrachromosomal DNA molecules

25
Peptidoglycan
Bacteria have an outer cell wall strengthened not by cellulose, but by - which are a complex of polysaccharides linked by amino acids - cell wall prevents bacteria from bursting or collapsing due to osmotic changes
26
Binary Fission
Bacteria (and archaea) reproduce asexually by means of | - single, circular chromosomes replicates and then two copies separate as the cell enlarges
27
Conjugation
A donor cell passes DNA directly to a recipient cell
28
Transformation
A bacterium picks up (from the surroundings) free pieces of DNA secreted by live prokaryotes or released by dead prokaryotes
29
Transduction
Bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one to another
30
Endospores
Portion of the cytoplasm and a copy of the chromosome dehydrate and and are encased by three heavy, protective spore coats
31
Spores survive in the harshest of environments
- desert heat and desiccation, boiling temperatures, polar ice, and extreme ultraviolet radiation - they survive very long periods
32
Deadly but uncommon type of food poisoning, caused by the germination of endospores inside cans of food
Botulism
33
Photoautotrophs
- plants - autotrophs or photosynthesizers - depend on solar energy - split water and release oxygen - example : cyanobacteria (oldest linage)
34
Chemoautotrophs
- chemosynthesizers | - don't use solar energy at all
35
Chemoheterotrophs
- heterotrophs | - like animals, take in organic nutrients, which are used as a source of energy
36
Saprotrophs
- chemoheterotrophic bacteria that send enzymes into the environment and decompose almost any large organic molecule to smaller ones that are absorbable
37
Heterotrophic bacteria may be either free-living or SYMBIOTIC
- they form relationships that are (1) mutualistic : benefits both partners (2) commensalistic : benefits one partner and the other is not harmed (3) parasitic : benefits one partner but the other is harmed - causes diseases
38
Bacteria are decomposes
- digest dead organic remains and return inorganic nutrients to producers
39
Vibrio
Slightly curved rod
40
Bioremediation
Biological cleanup of an environment that contains harmful chemicals called "pollutants"
41
Microbes that can cause disease
Pathogens
42
3 things pathogens can do
(1) produce a toxin (2) adhere to surfaces (3) invade organs or cells
43
Tree of life contains 3 domains:
(1) Archaea (2) Bacteria (3) Eukarya
44
Archaea (along w/ some bacteria)
Found in extreme environments (hot spring, thermal vents, salt basins)
45
Types of Archaea
(1) Methanogens (2) Halophiles (3) Thermoacidophiles
46
Methanogens
- methane (CH4) makers = biogas - found in anaerobic environments (Swamps, Marshes, and intestinal tracts of animals) - chemoautotrophs
47
Halophiles
- require high-salt concentrations for growth | - isolated from highly saline environments
48
Thermoacidophiles
- extremely hot, acidic environments | (hot springs, geysers, submarine thermal vents, and area around volcanoes.
49
Protists
Inhabit the oceans and other watery environment of the world
50
Endosymbiotic theory
- states that mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from prokaryotes that were taken up by a much larger eukaryotic cell - supported by presence of double membrane around mitochondria and chloroplasts
51
Algae
- aquatic photosynthesizer
52
Protozoan
- single-celled chemoheterotroph | - has some form of locomotion, by either flagella, pseudopods, or cilia
53
Amoeba "Entamoeba histolytica"
Causes amoeba dysentery
54
Zooflagellates
- move by flagella | - cause diseases
55
apicomplexans
- sporozoans - produce spores - not motile
56
Plasmodium
- causes malaria (transported by mosquitoes) | - most widespread and dangerous protozoan disease
57
Slime molds
- chemoheterotrophs - ingest their food in the same manner as the protozoan called amoeba - in forest and woodlands, feed on and dispose of dead plant material and material
58
Water molds
- saprotrophic, like fungi | - decompose remains but are also significant parasites of plants and animals in ecosystems

BIO 101 (2 decks)

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